{"nodes":[{"id":"hi-goal-effective-immortality","title":"Effective immortality","subtitle":"Ultimate goal","year":2026,"dateDetails":"Dependency rank; not a predicted date.","type":"Projection","fields":["Misc"],"details":"An open-ended condition in which the same subject can continue to exist, act, learn, recover and enter future possibilities. This is a target condition, not a dated prediction.","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_immortality","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine","biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","brain-and-subject-continuity","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration","external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"ultimate-goal","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra conditional projection","temporal":{"kind":"undated-projection","coordinate":2031,"label":"TIME UNRESOLVED"},"layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"hi-condition-brain-memory-agency","title":"Brain, memory and agency continuity","subtitle":"Necessary condition","year":2026,"dateDetails":"Dependency rank; not a predicted date.","type":"Projection","fields":["Medicine","Computing"],"details":"Memory, cognition, agency and the brain processes supporting action must remain maintainable across intervention cycles.","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity"],"role":"necessary-condition","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra conditional projection","temporal":{"kind":"undated-projection","coordinate":2030,"label":"TIME UNRESOLVED"},"layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":5}}},{"id":"hi-condition-continuous-infrastructure","title":"Continuous resources, care and governance","subtitle":"Necessary condition","year":2026,"dateDetails":"Dependency rank; not a predicted date.","type":"Projection","fields":["Energy","Safety"],"details":"Energy, material resources, medical access, coordination and governance must remain available across an open-ended time horizon.","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"necessary-condition","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra conditional projection","temporal":{"kind":"undated-projection","coordinate":2030,"label":"TIME UNRESOLVED"},"layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"hi-condition-failure-control","title":"Control of aging and catastrophic failure","subtitle":"Necessary condition","year":2026,"dateDetails":"Dependency rank; not a predicted date.","type":"Projection","fields":["Biology","Safety"],"details":"Aging damage, cancer, infection, trauma and other terminal failure modes must be controlled repeatedly rather than only delayed once.","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geroscience","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"necessary-condition","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra conditional projection","temporal":{"kind":"undated-projection","coordinate":2030,"label":"TIME UNRESOLVED"},"layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"hi-condition-repairable-body","title":"Maintainable, repairable or replaceable body","subtitle":"Necessary condition","year":2026,"dateDetails":"Dependency rank; not a predicted date.","type":"Projection","fields":["Medicine","Biology"],"details":"The bodily substrate must support ongoing maintenance, repair, regeneration or functionally equivalent replacement.","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_medicine","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","biological-state-rewriting"],"role":"necessary-condition","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra conditional projection","temporal":{"kind":"undated-projection","coordinate":2030,"label":"TIME UNRESOLVED"},"layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":4}}},{"id":"hi-condition-observable-life-state","title":"Observable and predictable life state","subtitle":"Necessary condition","year":2026,"dateDetails":"Dependency rank; not a predicted date.","type":"Projection","fields":["Measurement","Computing"],"details":"Relevant biological, cognitive and environmental state must be observable well enough to predict risk and evaluate interventions.","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_medicine","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"necessary-condition","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra conditional projection","temporal":{"kind":"undated-projection","coordinate":2030,"label":"TIME UNRESOLVED"},"layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"hi-condition-subject-continuity","title":"Subject identity continuity","subtitle":"Necessary condition","year":2026,"dateDetails":"Dependency rank; not a predicted date.","type":"Projection","fields":["Misc"],"details":"The continuing entity must remain the relevant subject rather than merely leaving a copy, record or biologically active remainder.","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_identity","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity","preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"necessary-condition","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra conditional projection","temporal":{"kind":"undated-projection","coordinate":2030,"label":"TIME UNRESOLVED"},"layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":3}}},{"id":"hi-route-automated-science","title":"AI-accelerated automated science","subtitle":"Candidate route","year":2026,"dateDetails":"Dependency rank; not a predicted date.","type":"Projection","fields":["Computing","Biology"],"details":"A conditional route in which AI and autonomous laboratories compress discovery, validation and translation cycles for continuity-preserving technologies.","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_scientist","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration","biological-state-rewriting"],"role":"projection-route","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra conditional projection","temporal":{"kind":"undated-projection","coordinate":2029,"label":"TIME UNRESOLVED"},"layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"hi-route-body-function-substitution","title":"Body function substitution","subtitle":"Candidate route","year":2026,"dateDetails":"Dependency rank; not a predicted date.","type":"Projection","fields":["Medicine","Manufacturing"],"details":"A conditional route that replaces failing organs and bodily functions through biological, mechanical or computationally controlled implementations.","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_organ","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"projection-route","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra conditional projection","temporal":{"kind":"undated-projection","coordinate":2029,"label":"TIME UNRESOLVED"},"layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":8,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":6}}},{"id":"hi-route-brain-continuity-engineering","title":"Brain continuity engineering","subtitle":"Candidate route","year":2026,"dateDetails":"Dependency rank; not a predicted date.","type":"Projection","fields":["Medicine","Computing"],"details":"A conditional route for preserving the brain processes required for memory, agency, cognition and personal continuity.","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroengineering","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity"],"role":"projection-route","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra conditional projection","temporal":{"kind":"undated-projection","coordinate":2029,"label":"TIME UNRESOLVED"},"layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":5}}},{"id":"hi-route-biological-repair","title":"Continuous biological repair","subtitle":"Candidate route","year":2026,"dateDetails":"Dependency rank; not a predicted date.","type":"Projection","fields":["Biology","Medicine"],"details":"A conditional route in which accumulated biological damage can be repeatedly measured, repaired or reset without destroying organismal function or identity.","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_medicine","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"projection-route","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra conditional projection","temporal":{"kind":"undated-projection","coordinate":2029,"label":"TIME UNRESOLVED"},"layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":4}}},{"id":"hi-route-external-continuity","title":"External continuity infrastructure","subtitle":"Candidate route","year":2026,"dateDetails":"Dependency rank; not a predicted date.","type":"Projection","fields":["Energy","Medicine"],"details":"A conditional route for maintaining the energy, water, food, care, information and governance systems on which long-lived subjects depend.","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_infrastructure","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"projection-route","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra conditional projection","temporal":{"kind":"undated-projection","coordinate":2029,"label":"TIME UNRESOLVED"},"layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"hi-route-future-waiting","title":"Future waiting","subtitle":"Candidate route","year":2026,"dateDetails":"Dependency rank; not a predicted date.","type":"Projection","fields":["Physics","Timekeeping"],"details":"A conditional route that reduces the subject-time cost of waiting for future technical windows through preservation, biostasis or relativistic time differentials.","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"projection-route","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra conditional projection","temporal":{"kind":"undated-projection","coordinate":2029,"label":"TIME UNRESOLVED"},"layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":3}}},{"id":"hi-route-life-state-modeling","title":"Predictive life-state modeling","subtitle":"Candidate route","year":2026,"dateDetails":"Dependency rank; not a predicted date.","type":"Projection","fields":["Measurement","Computing"],"details":"A conditional route for observing organism state, estimating transition and failure risks, and evaluating interventions against subject-continuity outcomes.","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_twin","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"projection-route","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra conditional projection","temporal":{"kind":"undated-projection","coordinate":2029,"label":"TIME UNRESOLVED"},"layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"rec23LMFZFUSBVxqg","title":"AI coding agent","subtitle":"Claude Code","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Claude_Opus_4.1_output_example_screenshot.webp/1164px-Claude_Opus_4.1_output_example_screenshot.webp.png?20250902093506","year":2025,"dateDetails":"Arguably, Claude Code is the first coding agent to work reliably in production workflows, though predecessors like Devin in 2024 could count.","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Artificial intelligence","Software"],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Anthropic"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Francisco Bay Area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_agent","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-02-19","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recEjVbYXNLRGJsIs","title":"Reasoning model","subtitle":"OpenAI o1","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Diagram_of_reflexion.svg/500px-Diagram_of_reflexion.svg.png","year":2024,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Artificial intelligence","Software"],"inventors":[],"organizations":["OpenAI"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Francisco Bay Area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasoning_model","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec4MMradWEA4SoRf","title":"LLM chatbot","subtitle":"ChatGPT","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/ChatGPT_hallucination.png","year":2022,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Artificial intelligence","Software"],"inventors":[],"organizations":["OpenAI"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Francisco Bay Area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recqpbpOi6kSME19s","title":"AI code completion","subtitle":"GitHub Copilot","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/GitHub_Codespaces_side_by_side_terminal.webp/3840px-GitHub_Codespaces_side_by_side_terminal.webp.png","year":2021,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Artificial intelligence","Software"],"inventors":[],"organizations":["OpenAI","GitHub"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Francisco Bay Area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_completion","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-02-19","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recjT6V52jtFQk8qT","title":"AI protein structure prediction","subtitle":"AlphaFold 2","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/AlphaFold_2.png","year":2020,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology","Computing"],"subfields":["Artificial intelligence"],"inventors":["Demis Hassabis","John M. Jumper"],"organizations":["Google","DeepMind"],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_structure_prediction#AI_methods","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-03-05","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":0,"research-acceleration":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recQL3dqnAew80SgN","title":"Cultured meat","subtitle":"Eat Just chicken bites","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Good_Meat_Cultivated_Chicken_pasta_dish_%28square%29.jpg/240px-Good_Meat_Cultivated_Chicken_pasta_dish_%28square%29.jpg","year":2020,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Eat Just"],"city":"Singapore,San Francisco Bay Area","countryHistorical":"Singapore, USA","countryModern":"Singapore, USA","formattedLocation":"Singapore; USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultured_meat#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"rece6Cdg2uv6QT0AD","title":"mRNA vaccine","subtitle":"COVID-19 vaccine","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/201228-O-YB478-823.jpg/1600px-201228-O-YB478-823.jpg?20210105154027","year":2020,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Vaccines"],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Moderna","BioNTech"],"city":"Boston,Mainz","countryHistorical":"USA, Germany","countryModern":"USA, Germany","formattedLocation":"USA; Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_vaccine","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"hi-hist-prime-editing-2019","title":"Prime editing","subtitle":"Search-and-replace genome editing","tier":"","year":2019,"dateDetails":"Publication of search-and-replace genome editing using Cas9 nickase, reverse transcriptase and a prime-editing guide RNA.","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology","Medicine"],"subfields":["Genome editing","Gene repair"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Cambridge","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Cambridge, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_editing","details":"Broadens precise genome repair to substitutions, insertions and deletions without requiring donor DNA or double-strand breaks.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-24","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":0},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra admitted historical overlay","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec6gUFnpza5pD7YM","title":"Large language model","subtitle":"GPT-1","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Multiple_attention_heads.png","year":2018,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Artificial intelligence","Software"],"inventors":["Alec Radford","Karthik Narasimhan","Tim Salimans","Ilya Sutskever"],"organizations":["OpenAI"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Francisco Bay Area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recMvCmmVxEKOVGsm","title":"Transformer (machine learning)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Transformer%2C_full_architecture.png","year":2017,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Artificial intelligence"],"inventors":["Ashish Vaswani","et al."],"organizations":["Google"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Francisco Bay Area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":1,"research-acceleration":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recTWm941pYbW8w7h","title":"Automated insulin delivery system","subtitle":"aka Artificial pancreas","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Artificial_pancreas.jpg/2560px-Artificial_pancreas.jpg","year":2016,"dateDetails":"FDA approval of the Medtronic MiniMed 670G","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Medtronic"],"city":"","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_insulin_delivery_system","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":0,"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":8,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"hi-hist-base-editing-2016","title":"Base editing","subtitle":"Programmable single-base conversion","tier":"","year":2016,"dateDetails":"Publication of programmable single-base conversion in genomic DNA without double-strand DNA cleavage or a donor template.","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology","Medicine"],"subfields":["Genome editing","Gene repair"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Cambridge","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Cambridge, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_editing","details":"Expands precise correction of disease-relevant point mutations while reducing dependence on double-strand breaks.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-24","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":0},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra admitted historical overlay","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"hi-hist-partial-cellular-reprogramming-2016","title":"Partial cellular reprogramming","subtitle":"Cyclic OSKM expression","tier":"","year":2016,"dateDetails":"Publication demonstrating short-term cyclic OSKM expression that ameliorated aging hallmarks in vivo without completing reprogramming to pluripotency.","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology","Medicine"],"subfields":["Epigenetic reprogramming","Geroscience"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"La Jolla","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"La Jolla, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell","details":"Creates a direct experimental route for changing age-associated cellular state while attempting to retain tissue identity.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-24","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":0},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra admitted historical overlay","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"hi-hist-senolytic-intervention-2015","title":"Senolytic intervention","subtitle":"Selective senescent-cell elimination","tier":"","year":2015,"dateDetails":"Publication defining and experimentally validating senolytic drugs that selectively eliminate senescent cells.","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology","Medicine"],"subfields":["Cellular senescence","Geroscience"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Rochester","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Rochester, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senolytic","details":"Establishes selective removal of a damaging cellular state as an intervention architecture for healthspan research.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-24","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":0,"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra admitted historical overlay","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recmJCoIirn1xtvaB","title":"Attention mechanism","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Attention-1-sn.png","year":2014,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Artificial intelligence"],"inventors":["Dzmitry Bahdanau","Yoshua Bengio","et al."],"organizations":["Constructor University","Université de Montréal"],"city":"Bremen,Montreal","countryHistorical":"Germany, Canada","countryModern":"Germany, Canada","formattedLocation":"Germany; Canada","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_(machine_learning)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":2,"research-acceleration":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recu0UqJPNtIszmwQ","title":"Seq2seq","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Seq2seq_RNN_encoder-decoder_with_attention_mechanism%2C_training.png","year":2014,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Artificial intelligence"],"inventors":["Ilya Sutskever","Quoc V. Le","et al."],"organizations":["Google"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Francisco Bay Area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seq2seq","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":3,"research-acceleration":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"hi-hist-epigenetic-clock-2013","title":"Epigenetic clock","subtitle":"Multi-tissue DNA methylation age","tier":"","year":2013,"dateDetails":"Publication of a multi-tissue DNA-methylation age estimator trained and tested across human tissues and cell types.","type":"Measurement","fields":["Biology","Measurement"],"subfields":["Epigenetics","Biological age"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Los Angeles","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Los Angeles, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic_clock","details":"Introduces a measurable proxy for biological aging that can shorten feedback loops without replacing disease, function or mortality endpoints.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-24","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":0},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra admitted historical overlay","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec7621zEZaK34VNk","title":"CRISPR gene editing","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/GRNA-Cas9.svg/250px-GRNA-Cas9.svg.png","year":2012,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Emmanuelle Charpentier","Jennifer Doudna"],"organizations":["Umeå University","University of California","Berkeley"],"city":"Umeå,San Francisco Bay Area","countryHistorical":"Sweden, USA","countryModern":"Sweden, USA","formattedLocation":"Sweden; USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR_gene_editing","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"hi-hist-car-t-cell-therapy-2011","title":"CAR-T cell therapy","subtitle":"Clinical complete-remission milestone","tier":"","year":2011,"dateDetails":"Publication reporting complete remission after infusion of autologous chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells in refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia.","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology","Medicine"],"subfields":["Cell therapy","Gene therapy","Oncology"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Philadelphia","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Philadelphia, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAR_T-cell_therapy","details":"Combines programmable cells, immune control and cancer treatment in a reusable state-rewriting architecture.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-24","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":0,"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra admitted historical overlay","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"hi-hist-rapamycin-mammalian-lifespan-2009","title":"Rapamycin mammalian lifespan intervention","subtitle":"Multi-site mouse survival study","tier":"","year":2009,"dateDetails":"Multi-site publication showing that late-life dietary rapamycin extended median and maximal lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice.","type":"Experiment","fields":["Biology","Medicine"],"subfields":["Geroscience","Pharmacology"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Multi-site","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Multi-site, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapamycin","details":"Provides controlled mammalian evidence that pharmacological modulation of an aging-related pathway can shift survival distributions.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-24","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":0,"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra admitted historical overlay","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recYT5lF4B6yt3NfQ","title":"Exoskeleton","subtitle":"HAL-3","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hybrid_Assistive_Limb%2C_Cyberdyne.jpg/960px-Hybrid_Assistive_Limb%2C_Cyberdyne.jpg?20100408232629","year":2008,"dateDetails":"\"Cyberdyne began renting the HAL suit out for medical purposes in 2008.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Robotics"],"inventors":["Yoshiyuki Sankai","et al."],"organizations":["Cyberdyne"],"city":"Tsukuba","countryHistorical":"Japan","countryModern":"Japan","formattedLocation":"Tsukuba, Japan","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoskeleton_(human)#History_by_century","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-12-24","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recR2SkcTnhLrci16","title":"Brainbow","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Brainbow_%28Smith_2007%29.jpg","year":2007,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Jeff W. Lichtman","Joshua R. Sanes"],"organizations":["Washington University in St. Louis"],"city":"St. Louis","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"St. Louis, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainbow","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recT2TzRpvjY3TcoP","title":"General-purpose computing on GPU","subtitle":"CUDA","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/CUDA_processing_flow_%28En%29.PNG","year":2007,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Nvidia"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Francisco Bay Area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-11","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":2,"research-acceleration":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recq9jHAmpwbCfB5i","title":"Cloud computing","subtitle":"Amazon S3 and EC2","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cloud_computing.svg/1920px-Cloud_computing.svg.png","year":2006,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Amazon"],"city":"Seattle","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Seattle, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cloud_computing","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recAVYieLhW2YMv54","title":"Induced pluripotent stem cell","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Human_induced_pluripotent_stem_cell_colony_%2851816035910%29.jpg/200px-Human_induced_pluripotent_stem_cell_colony_%2851816035910%29.jpg","year":2006,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Shinya Yamanaka","Kazutoshi Takahashi"],"organizations":["Kyoto University"],"city":"Kyoto","countryHistorical":"Japan","countryModern":"Japan","formattedLocation":"Kyoto, Japan","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":0,"external-survival-infrastructure":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recwFZ3GmxM80TMqh","title":"GLP-1 receptor agonist","subtitle":"Exenatide","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Exenatide_PDB%3D7MLL.png","year":2005,"dateDetails":"FDA approval of exenatide, the first GLP-1 receptor agonist to be commercialized","type":"Consumable","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Amylin Pharmaceuticals"],"city":"San Diego","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Diego, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLP-1_receptor_agonist","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recK1ujrokYQMZO4T","title":"Massively parallel sequencing","subtitle":"GS20","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Illumina_MiSeq_-_Image_2.jpg/1920px-Illumina_MiSeq_-_Image_2.jpg?20220112082126","year":2005,"dateDetails":"Commercialization of the GS20","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["454 Life Sciences"],"city":"New Haven","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"New Haven, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_parallel_sequencing","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-02-21","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"rec7ijXIoSxJb6hK0","title":"Human genome sequencing","subtitle":"Human Genome Project","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Logo_HGP.jpg/250px-Logo_HGP.jpg","year":2003,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"USA, UK, France, Japan, Germany, China","countryModern":"USA, UK, France, Japan, Germany, China","formattedLocation":"USA; UK; France; Japan; Germany; China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recNmUfOUyNSQ47QJ","title":"Neural language model","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Recurrent_neural_network_unfold.svg/2880px-Recurrent_neural_network_unfold.svg.png","year":2003,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Artificial intelligence"],"inventors":["Yoshua Bengio","et al."],"organizations":["Université de Montréal"],"city":"Montreal","countryHistorical":"Canada","countryModern":"Canada","formattedLocation":"Montreal, Canada","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_model#Neural_models","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recGYNt0yEEdIt7kn","title":"Golden rice","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Golden_Rice.jpg/1599px-Golden_Rice.jpg?20191124021445","year":2000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Agriculture","Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Ingo Potrykus","Peter Beyer"],"organizations":["ETH Zurich","University of Freiburg"],"city":"Zurich,Freiburg im Breisgau","countryHistorical":"Switzerland","countryModern":"Switzerland","formattedLocation":"Zurich, Freiburg im Breisgau, Switzerland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_rice","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recGBJ3l0p3xdgztW","title":"Surgical robot","subtitle":"da Vinci Surgical System","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg","year":2000,"dateDetails":"First surgical robot to be approved by the FDA","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Robotics","Surgery"],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Intuitive Surgical"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Francisco Bay Area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_surgery","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 35%","dateAdded":"2026-04-21","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":0,"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recnfUh1TP8vwjEIo","title":"GPU","subtitle":"GeForce 256","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/VisionTek_GeForce_256.jpg/960px-VisionTek_GeForce_256.jpg","year":1999,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Nvidia"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Francisco Bay Area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-11","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":3,"research-acceleration":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recaAEA9SDgPXig78","title":"Long short-term memory","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/LSTM_Cell.svg/2560px-LSTM_Cell.svg.png","year":1997,"dateDetails":"date of landmark paper; developed by its authors starting around 1991","type":"Technique","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Artificial intelligence"],"inventors":["Sepp Hochreiter","Jürgen Schmidhuber"],"organizations":["Technical University of Munich"],"city":"Munich","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Munich, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_short-term_memory","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":4,"research-acceleration":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recCk8kXUQxPL9BFY","title":"Mammal cloning","subtitle":"Dolly","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Dolly_face_closeup.jpg","year":1996,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Keith Campbell","Ian Wilmut","et al."],"organizations":["University of Edinburgh"],"city":"Edinburgh","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Edinburgh, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-07","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":1,"external-survival-infrastructure":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recuQBFrKdAXwLvhj","title":"Zinc-finger nuclease genome editing","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/The_schematic_diagram_of_ZFNs.png","year":1996,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":["Genetics"],"inventors":["Srinivasan Chandrasegaran"],"organizations":["Johns Hopkins University"],"city":"Baltimore","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Baltimore, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc-finger_nuclease","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-18","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recP9D28mzRjQEvnY","title":"Wiki","subtitle":"WikiWikiWeb","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Wikitext-wiki_markup-wikipedia.png/200px-Wikitext-wiki_markup-wikipedia.png","year":1995,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication","Computing"],"subfields":["Software"],"inventors":["Ward Cunningham"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recINhZ7hUlyzPGZ5","title":"Genetically modified food","subtitle":"Flavr Savr tomato","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Tomatoes_ARS.jpg","year":1994,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Agriculture","Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Calgene"],"city":"","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recsx3hiNL0XW7N0Q","title":"Dynamic website","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/2013vmvClientServer.png","year":1993,"dateDetails":"First server-side generated (non-static) web pages via the Common Gateway Interface","type":"Technique","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Software"],"inventors":["Rob McCool","et al."],"organizations":["National Center for Supercomputing Applications","University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign"],"city":"Champaign–Urbana","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Champaign–Urbana, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_web_page","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-30","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recHqs2hTy1WYa8FH","title":"Green fluorescent protein imaging","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Green_fluorescent_protein_image_of_the_mouse_cochlea.jpg?20201025195203","year":1992,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Douglas Prasher","Martin Chalfie","Roger Y. Tsien"],"organizations":["Columbia University","University of California","San Diego","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"city":"New York,San Diego,Woods Hole, Massachusetts","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"New York, San Diego, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recjezj55MjwSRzeX","title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","subtitle":"aka fMRI","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Haxby2001.jpg","year":1990,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Seiji Ogawa"],"organizations":["Bell Labs"],"city":"New York","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"New York, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recq7yT70SB8GkpSO","title":"Gene therapy","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Gene_therapy.jpg","year":1990,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["William French Anderson"],"organizations":["National Institutes of Health"],"city":"Washington DC area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Washington DC area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":0,"life-support-and-medicine":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recZ22SycWsvtKM4M","title":"World Wide Web","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/WWW-LetShare.svg/2560px-WWW-LetShare.svg.png","year":1989,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Tim Berners-Lee","et al."],"organizations":["CERN"],"city":"Geneva","countryHistorical":"Switzerland","countryModern":"Switzerland","formattedLocation":"Geneva, Switzerland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recg29k8rHnubEnEF","title":"Multiple sequence alignment","subtitle":"Clustal","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/RPLP0_90_ClustalW_aln.gif","year":1988,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology","Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["University College Dublin"],"city":"Dublin","countryHistorical":"Ireland","countryModern":"Ireland","formattedLocation":"Dublin, Ireland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignment","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-03-08","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":1,"research-acceleration":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"hi-hist-deep-brain-stimulation-1987","title":"Deep brain stimulation","subtitle":"Chronic high-frequency neural stimulation","tier":"","year":1987,"dateDetails":"First use of chronic high-frequency thalamic stimulation as described by the pioneering clinical group.","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine","Electronics"],"subfields":["Neuromodulation","Functional neurosurgery"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Grenoble","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Grenoble, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_brain_stimulation","details":"Shows that implanted neurotechnology can modulate dysfunctional brain circuits while preserving the living subject.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-24","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":0},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra admitted historical overlay","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"hi-hist-complete-nervous-system-connectome-1986","title":"Complete nervous-system connectome","subtitle":"Caenorhabditis elegans","tier":"","year":1986,"dateDetails":"Publication reconstructing the structure and connectivity of the 302-neuron Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system from serial electron micrographs.","type":"Discovery","fields":["Biology","Measurement"],"subfields":["Connectomics","Neuroscience"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Cambridge","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Cambridge, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectome","details":"Provides structural maps needed to test which neural organization must be preserved for memory, agency and identity continuity.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-24","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":0},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra admitted historical overlay","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec9UekcXOpIX7Z2M","title":"DNA sequencer","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/DNA-Sequencers_from_Flickr_57080968.jpg/500px-DNA-Sequencers_from_Flickr_57080968.jpg","year":1986,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Applied Biosystems"],"city":"Boston","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Boston, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencer#cite_ref-Gilbert_1973_8-0","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recMH6EjaeR2x2wkJ","title":"Zinc finger","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Zinc_finger_rendered.png","year":1985,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":["Genetics"],"inventors":["Aaron Klug","et al."],"organizations":["University of Cambridge"],"city":"Cambridge","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Cambridge, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_finger","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-18","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recDpaZSt6Mw0Tyzx","title":"Domain Name System","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Domain_name_space.svg/2560px-Domain_name_space.svg.png","year":1983,"dateDetails":"","type":"Standard","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Paul Mockapetris"],"organizations":["University of Southern California"],"city":"Los Angeles","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Los Angeles, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"rec5WSiuAN5Ooypox","title":"Polymerase chain reaction","subtitle":"aka PCR","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PCR_tubes.png/250px-PCR_tubes.png","year":1983,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Kary Mullis"],"organizations":["Cetus Corporation"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Francisco Bay Area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recdhUxmMDReVpg9L","title":"Synthetic insulin","subtitle":"Humulin","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Inzul%C3%ADn.jpg/250px-Inzul%C3%ADn.jpg","year":1983,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Biology","Medicine"],"subfields":["Drugs"],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Genentech","Eli Lilly"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area,Indianapolis","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Francisco Bay Area, Indianapolis, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_(medication)","details":"First medication made with modern genetic engineering","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":1,"life-support-and-medicine":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recBSibYje1aw9C5P","title":"Artificial heart","subtitle":"Jarvik-7","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jarvik-7_artificial_heart_prototype.jpg/1280px-Jarvik-7_artificial_heart_prototype.jpg","year":1982,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Cardiology"],"inventors":["Willem Johan Kolff","William DeVries","Robert Jarvik"],"organizations":["University of Utah"],"city":"Salt Lake City","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Salt Lake City, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_heart","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":"2025-06-07","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":0,"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":8,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recAuAe26DCEd5XPt","title":"Genetically modified plant","subtitle":"Tobacco with antibiotic resistance","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Patch_of_Tobacco_%28Nicotiana_tabacum_%29_in_a_field_in_Intercourse%2C_Pennsylvania..jpg/1280px-Patch_of_Tobacco_%28Nicotiana_tabacum_%29_in_a_field_in_Intercourse%2C_Pennsylvania..jpg","year":1982,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Michael W. Bevan","Richard B. Flavell","Mary-Dell Chilton"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recgCwGhBXNQohDGC","title":"Video display controller","subtitle":"NEC μPD7220","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/NEC_D7220.jpg/2880px-NEC_D7220.jpg","year":1981,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["NEC"],"city":"Tokyo","countryHistorical":"Japan","countryModern":"Japan","formattedLocation":"Tokyo, Japan","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_display_controller","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-21","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":4,"research-acceleration":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recPuQxzDIVGRUKeQ","title":"Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Implantable_cardioverter-defibrillator.jpg/500px-Implantable_cardioverter-defibrillator.jpg","year":1980,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Cardiology"],"inventors":["Michel Mirowski","Morton Mower","Alois Langer","et al."],"organizations":["Sinai Hospital"],"city":"Baltimore","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Baltimore, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implantable_cardioverter-defibrillator#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recCjYXw0pqrSgGYq","title":"Statistical language model","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1-skip-2-gram.svg/2880px-1-skip-2-gram.svg.png","year":1980,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Artificial intelligence"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_model","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec7OevZhfiKkcY9K","title":"Hypermedia","subtitle":"Aspen Movie Map","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/QADAS.jpg","year":1978,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication","Visual media"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Andrew B. Lippman"],"organizations":["MIT"],"city":"Boston","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Boston, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermedia","details":"","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"reci4hfAlsEH63cBc","title":"DNA sequencing","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Sanger_sequencing_read_display.png","year":1977,"dateDetails":"Sanger sequencing and Maxam-Gilbert sequencing were developed independently approximately in the same year (1977). They use different techniques. Sanger sequencing became more widespread and is the basis for further sequencing technology.","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Frederick Sanger","Allan Maxam","Walter Gilbert"],"organizations":["MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology","Harvard University"],"city":"Cambridge,Boston","countryHistorical":"UK, USA","countryModern":"UK, USA","formattedLocation":"UK; USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanger_sequencing","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":1,"research-acceleration":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recSpwVF5ZIjkKCxU","title":"Home computer","subtitle":"The 1977 trinity: Commodore PET, Apple II, and TRS-80","tier":"S","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Home_or_Personal_Computers_from_1977_-_Commodore_PET_2001%2C_Apple_II%2C_TRS-80_Model_I%2C_together_called_%27Trinity77%27_%28edited_image%29.jpg/2880px-Home_or_Personal_Computers_from_1977_-_Commodore_PET_2001%2C_Apple_II%2C_TRS-80_Model_I%2C_together_called_%27Trinity77%27_%28edited_image%29.jpg","year":1977,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Commodore International","Apple","Tandy Corporation"],"city":"Philadelphia,San Francisco Bay Area,Dallas","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Philadelphia, San Francisco Bay Area, Dallas, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_computer","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":5,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":5,"research-acceleration":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"rec4JPiXwnOloXJA2","title":"Reverse osmosis","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Northcapecoral-RO.jpg/500px-Northcapecoral-RO.jpg","year":1977,"dateDetails":"First application of reverse osmosis at scale, in Cape Coral, Florida","type":"Technique","fields":["Hydraulics","Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Cape Coral, Florida","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Cape Coral, Florida, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recuFY1IAbywZkd53","title":"Insulin pump","subtitle":"Biostator","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Insulin_pump_and_infusion_set.JPG/2560px-Insulin_pump_and_infusion_set.JPG","year":1976,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_pump","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":1,"life-support-and-medicine":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":8,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"hi-hist-monoclonal-antibody-1975","title":"Monoclonal antibody","subtitle":"Hybridoma antibody production","tier":"","year":1975,"dateDetails":"Publication of continuous fused-cell cultures secreting antibody of predefined specificity.","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology","Medicine"],"subfields":["Immunology","Biotechnology"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Cambridge","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Cambridge, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody","details":"Established a programmable class of targeted biological interventions used across cancer, immune and inflammatory disease control.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-24","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":0,"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra admitted historical overlay","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recwffzY8J4lcn19c","title":"Internet protocol suite","subtitle":"aka TCP/IP","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/SRI_First_Internetworked_Connection_diagram.jpg","year":1974,"dateDetails":"","type":"Standard","fields":["Communication","Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Vinton Cerf","Robert Kahn"],"organizations":["DARPA"],"city":"Washington DC area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Washington DC area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure","research-acceleration"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":0,"research-acceleration":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"reccVM6p6vKRjX9u8","title":"Lithium battery pacemaker","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cardiac_pacer_with_sold-state_power_source.jpg/2880px-Cardiac_pacer_with_sold-state_power_source.jpg","year":1974,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Cardiology"],"inventors":["Manny Villafaña","Anthony Adducci"],"organizations":["Cardiac Pacemakers","Inc."],"city":"Minneapolis–St. Paul","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Minneapolis–St. Paul, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker#Lithium_battery","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":3}}},{"id":"hi-hist-pulse-oximetry-1974","title":"Pulse oximetry","subtitle":"Pulsatile optical oxygenation measurement","tier":"","year":1974,"dateDetails":"First presentation of pulse oximetry using pulsatile optical signals for non-invasive peripheral arterial oxygenation measurement.","type":"Instrument","fields":["Medicine","Measurement"],"subfields":["Patient monitoring","Biomedical optics"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Tokyo","countryHistorical":"Japan","countryModern":"Japan","formattedLocation":"Tokyo, Japan","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_oximetry","details":"Makes oxygenation continuously observable and enables earlier detection and control of respiratory or circulatory failure.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-24","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra admitted historical overlay","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rect9eFKa12KdHanQ","title":"Relational database","subtitle":"Ingres and System R","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/DVD_Rental_Query.png","year":1974,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Software"],"inventors":["Edgar F. Codd","Donald D. Chamberlin","Michael Stonebraker"],"organizations":["IBM","University of California","Berkeley"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area,New York","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Francisco Bay Area, New York, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2026-05-29","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"rec7KB8wV67VExEzb","title":"Genetically modified organism","subtitle":"E. coli with kanamycin resistance","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg/2560px-E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg","year":1973,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Stanley Norman Cohen","Herbert Boyer"],"organizations":["Stanford University"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Francisco Bay Area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recxq5zk7X1MzvUfW","title":"Microcomputer","subtitle":"Micral","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Micral_MGR_Lyon-IMG_9895.JPG/500px-Micral_MGR_Lyon-IMG_9895.JPG","year":1973,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["François Gernelle","et al."],"organizations":["Réalisation d'Études Électroniques"],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micral","details":"Fist commercially available microprocessor-based computer: the Micral","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":6,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":6,"research-acceleration":6},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recSi2Evrhg6k6vPY","title":"Network with end-to-end principle","subtitle":"CYCLADES","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/CYCLADES_Model_-_en.png","year":1973,"dateDetails":"","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Communication","Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Louis Pouzin","et al."],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYCLADES","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":1,"research-acceleration":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"reckl8hBNGHujmM96","title":"Recombinant DNA","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Recombinant_formation_of_plasmids.svg/250px-Recombinant_formation_of_plasmids.svg.png","year":1972,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Paul Berg"],"organizations":["Stanford University"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Francisco Bay Area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNA","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":0,"body-repair-and-replacement":2,"external-survival-infrastructure":4,"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"reckQdpc1lyzej0bi","title":"Recurrent neural network","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hopfield-net-vector.svg/1920px-Hopfield-net-vector.svg.png","year":1972,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Artificial intelligence"],"inventors":["Shun'ichi Amari"],"organizations":[],"city":"Tokyo","countryHistorical":"Japan","countryModern":"Japan","formattedLocation":"Tokyo, Japan","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":2,"research-acceleration":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recmiLGYAqQHRVgma","title":"CT scan","subtitle":"aka Computed tomography","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Modern%C3%AD_v%C3%BDpo%C4%8Detn%C3%AD_tomografie_s_p%C5%99%C3%ADmo_digit%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_detekc%C3%AD_rentgenov%C3%A9ho_z%C3%A1%C5%99en%C3%AD.jpg/250px-Modern%C3%AD_v%C3%BDpo%C4%8Detn%C3%AD_tomografie_s_p%C5%99%C3%ADmo_digit%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_detekc%C3%AD_rentgenov%C3%A9ho_z%C3%A1%C5%99en%C3%AD.jpg","year":1971,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Godfrey Hounsfield"],"organizations":[],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scan","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"reci7Zcbph5SUxMAC","title":"Lithium iodide battery","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Lithium-Iodine_Battery_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg/1600px-Lithium-Iodine_Battery_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg?20140826181356","year":1971,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Energy","Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Wilson Greatbatch"],"organizations":[],"city":"Buffalo","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Buffalo, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Greatbatch#The_Greatbatch_lithium-iodide_battery_cell","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":3}}},{"id":"recEk3y7wkYXuUqrJ","title":"Magnetic resonance imaging","subtitle":"aka MRI","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MRI_Scanner_Mark_One.jpg/250px-MRI_Scanner_Mark_One.jpg","year":1971,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Paul Lauterbur"],"organizations":["Stony Brook University"],"city":"New York","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"New York, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_magnetic_resonance_imaging","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":0,"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"reclz65jvAQGORFZj","title":"Microprocessor","subtitle":"Intel 4004","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Intel_C4004.jpg/2880px-Intel_C4004.jpg","year":1971,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Electronics","Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Federico Faggin","Stanley Mazor","Masatoshi Shima","Marcian Hoff"],"organizations":["Intel","Busicom"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area,Tokyo","countryHistorical":"USA, Japan","countryModern":"USA, Japan","formattedLocation":"USA; Japan","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":7,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":7,"research-acceleration":7},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recMUS5931B8tZlH7","title":"Backpropagation","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Back_Propagation_Example.svg/1540px-Back_Propagation_Example.svg.png?20191009125705","year":1970,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Artificial intelligence"],"inventors":["Seppo Linnainmaa"],"organizations":["University of Helsinki"],"city":"Helsinki","countryHistorical":"Finland","countryModern":"Finland","formattedLocation":"Helsinki, Finland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpropagation","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recosSdrR13rnqMC7","title":"Restriction enzymes","subtitle":"HindII","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/GelDoc_DNA_gel_electrophoresis_photograph_stained_with_ethidium_bromide_03.jpg/440px-GelDoc_DNA_gel_electrophoresis_photograph_stained_with_ethidium_bromide_03.jpg","year":1970,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Hamilton O. Smith","Thomas J. Kelly","Kent Wilcox"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_enzyme","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":1,"body-repair-and-replacement":3,"external-survival-infrastructure":5,"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recZzRAtLx9u0yYNh","title":"Wide-area computer network","subtitle":"ARPANET","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png/250px-Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png","year":1969,"dateDetails":"","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Communication","Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":1,"research-acceleration":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recR8oAP8jxXAakHx","title":"DNA ligase","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/DNA_Repair.jpg/250px-DNA_Repair.jpg","year":1967,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Charles C. Richardson","Bernard Weiss"],"organizations":["Harvard University"],"city":"Boston","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Boston, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_ligase","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":1,"body-repair-and-replacement":3,"external-survival-infrastructure":5,"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"reco0kiJ6jp4SCmOA","title":"Virtual machine","subtitle":"CP-40","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/VM370_Rel_6_default_login_screen.png","year":1967,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Software"],"inventors":["Robert Creasy","Les Comeau","et al."],"organizations":["IBM"],"city":"Cambridge","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Cambridge, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-01","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recSs0sMh4bXjBmtK","title":"Chatbot","subtitle":"ELIZA","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/ELIZA_conversation.png","year":1966,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Artificial intelligence"],"inventors":["Joseph Weizenbaum"],"organizations":["MIT"],"city":"Boston","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Boston, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"reclMmWXXgP9aQKyW","title":"Dynamic random-access memory","subtitle":"aka DRAM","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Original_1T1C_DRAM_design.svg/2560px-Original_1T1C_DRAM_design.svg.png","year":1965,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Electronics","Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Toshiba"],"city":"Tokyo","countryHistorical":"Japan","countryModern":"Japan","formattedLocation":"Tokyo, Japan","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":8,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":8,"research-acceleration":8},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"rec2KoJLhH0jhh6Ju","title":"Optical fiber","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fibreoptic.jpg/250px-Fibreoptic.jpg","year":1965,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Optics","Communication"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Manfred Börner"],"organizations":["Telefunken"],"city":"Ulm","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Ulm, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recU6lS5fawdtcRYU","title":"Packet switching","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_idea_of_the_data_packet_%28Baran%2C_1964%29-en.svg/2880px-The_idea_of_the_data_packet_%28Baran%2C_1964%29-en.svg.png","year":1965,"dateDetails":"invented independently by Baran in 1964 and Davies in 1965; first implementation in 1965","type":"Technique","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Donald Davies","Paul Baran"],"organizations":["RAND Corporation","National Physical Laboratory"],"city":"Los Angeles,London","countryHistorical":"USA, UK","countryModern":"USA, UK","formattedLocation":"USA; UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":2,"research-acceleration":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recEqYd3vLSP59EWw","title":"Database","subtitle":"Integrated Data Store","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/CodasylB.png","year":1964,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Software"],"inventors":["Charles Bachman"],"organizations":["General Electric"],"city":"Schenectady, New York","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Schenectady, New York, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigational_database","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2026-05-29","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recN7zNuwb6LhfQPm","title":"Dilution refrigerator","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Helium_dilution_cryostat.jpg/960px-Helium_dilution_cryostat.jpg","year":1964,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":["Cooling"],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Leiden University"],"city":"Leiden","countryHistorical":"Netherlands","countryModern":"Netherlands","formattedLocation":"Leiden, Netherlands","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilution_refrigerator","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-07","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recqekMB7dHZZKiYd","title":"CMOS","subtitle":"aka Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/CMOS_inverter.svg/250px-CMOS_inverter.svg.png","year":1963,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Electronics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Chih-Tang Sah","Frank Wanlass"],"organizations":["Fairchild Semiconductor"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Francisco Bay Area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":4,"research-acceleration":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recmQ2Kbv8ONACsdc","title":"Stem cell","subtitle":"Hematopoietic stem cell","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/MSC_high_magnification.jpg/250px-MSC_high_magnification.jpg","year":1963,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Ernest McCulloch","James Till"],"organizations":["University of Toronto"],"city":"Toronto","countryHistorical":"Canada","countryModern":"Canada","formattedLocation":"Toronto, Canada","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":1,"external-survival-infrastructure":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"rec3SDMzaXv7IR1ZR","title":"Glucose meter","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CDC_Preventing_Chronic_Diseases_Diabetes.jpg/1920px-CDC_Preventing_Chronic_Diseases_Diabetes.jpg","year":1962,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Leland Clark","Champ Lyons"],"organizations":["University of Alabama at Birmingham"],"city":"Birmingham, Alabama","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Birmingham, Alabama, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_meter","details":"First biosensor of any kind","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":2,"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":8,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recQPjGwZJkEmWh1i","title":"Green fluorescent protein","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Aequorea4.jpg","year":1962,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Osamu Shimomura","et al."],"organizations":["Princeton University"],"city":"Princeton","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Princeton, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"hi-hist-transplant-immunosuppression-1962","title":"Transplant immunosuppression","subtitle":"Azathioprine-supported renal allograft","tier":"","year":1962,"dateDetails":"Successful unrelated renal allograft supported by azathioprine-based drug immunosuppression.","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine","Biology"],"subfields":["Transplantation medicine","Immunology"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Boston","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Boston, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression","details":"Converts organ replacement from genetically matched exceptional cases into a generalizable, though risk-bearing, biological maintenance pathway.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-24","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":0,"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra admitted historical overlay","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recA5L4LKKwtAvwXP","title":"Cochlear implant","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Blausen_0244_CochlearImplant_01.png/200px-Blausen_0244_CochlearImplant_01.png","year":1961,"dateDetails":"There was earlier work in 1957 by André Djourno and Charles Eyriès that may have inspired William House","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["William F. House"],"organizations":[],"city":"Los Angeles","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Los Angeles, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlear_implant","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","brain-and-subject-continuity"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":0,"brain-and-subject-continuity":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recIW5GTXDPftXk4p","title":"Industrial robot","subtitle":"Unimate","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Unimate_pouring_coffee_for_a_woman_at_Biltmore_Hotel%2C_1967.jpg/3840px-Unimate_pouring_coffee_for_a_woman_at_Biltmore_Hotel%2C_1967.jpg","year":1961,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing","Computing"],"subfields":["Robotics"],"inventors":["George Devol","Joseph F. Engelberger"],"organizations":["Unimation"],"city":"Danbury, Connecticut","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Danbury, Connecticut, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robot","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-20","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":1,"life-support-and-medicine":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":4}}},{"id":"rectfWaDaHGTZUUjR","title":"Integrated circuit computer","subtitle":"Semiconductor Network Computer","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SDS_930.jpg/2560px-SDS_930.jpg","year":1961,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Texas Instruments","US Air Force"],"city":"Dallas","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Dallas, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)#Third_generation","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":7,"life-support-and-medicine":1,"research-acceleration":7},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"rec2LtJuVrCfwylwK","title":"Messenger RNA","subtitle":"aka mRNA","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/MRNA-interaction.svg/1920px-MRNA-interaction.svg.png","year":1961,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Sydney Brenner","Francis Crick","François Jacob","Matthew Meselson","James Watson","Jacques Monod","Arthur Pardee"],"organizations":["University of Cambridge","Pasteur Institute","Harvard University"],"city":"Cambridge,Paris,Boston","countryHistorical":"UK, France, USA","countryModern":"UK, France, USA","formattedLocation":"UK; France; USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA","details":"Discovery credit is usually considered shared among several people","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":"2025-06-10","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":3}}},{"id":"recLcBLQ5vxJEX04p","title":"Space capsule and crewed spaceflight","subtitle":"Vostok 1","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Full-Size_Mock-up_of_Vostok_1_capsule_at_Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27air_et_de_l%27espace%2C_Le_Bourget%2C_France_%2853431558341%29.jpg/1920px-Full-Size_Mock-up_of_Vostok_1_capsule_at_Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27air_et_de_l%27espace%2C_Le_Bourget%2C_France_%2853431558341%29.jpg?_=20240218210043","year":1961,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Space"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Energia (OKB-1)"],"city":"Moscow","countryHistorical":"Soviet Union","countryModern":"Russia","formattedLocation":"Moscow, Soviet Union","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_capsule","details":"First human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"hi-hist-closed-chest-cardiac-massage-1960","title":"Closed-chest cardiac massage","subtitle":"External circulation support","tier":"","year":1960,"dateDetails":"Publication of external transthoracic cardiac massage enabling circulation support without thoracotomy.","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Resuscitation","Emergency medicine"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Baltimore","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Baltimore, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation","details":"Introduces a rapidly deployable method for temporarily restoring circulation after catastrophic cardiac failure.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-24","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra admitted historical overlay","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recHUn0tA2UPQsoo6","title":"External DC defibrillator","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Pantridge_statue%2C_Lisburn_%283%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_415248.jpg?_=20110204014743","year":1960,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Cardiology"],"inventors":["Bernard Lown","Baruch Berkowitz"],"organizations":["Harvard University"],"city":"Boston","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Boston, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillation#Direct_current_method","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recsvA5Dib8f965VK","title":"Monolithic integrated circuit","subtitle":"aka Microchip, Chip","tier":"S","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Agc_nor2.jpg","year":1960,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Electronics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Robert Noyce"],"organizations":["Fairchild Semiconductor"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Francisco Bay Area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention_of_the_integrated_circuit","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":8,"life-support-and-medicine":2,"research-acceleration":8},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recCr4g543IaqeEM8","title":"MOSFET","subtitle":"aka Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor","tier":"S","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/MOSFETs.jpg","year":1959,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Electronics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Mohamed M. Atalla","Dawon Kahng"],"organizations":["Bell Labs"],"city":"New York","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"New York, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":5,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":5,"research-acceleration":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recwqzZipT5j9Nzth","title":"Planar process","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/74LS244_F_8314_annotated_sm.jpg/2880px-74LS244_F_8314_annotated_sm.jpg","year":1959,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Electronics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Jean Hoerni"],"organizations":["Fairchild Semiconductor"],"city":"San Francisco Bay Area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"San Francisco Bay Area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_process","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":9,"life-support-and-medicine":3,"research-acceleration":9},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"rect26v3zE9INVjkN","title":"p–n junction isolation","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/PN_Junction_in_Reverse_Bias.png","year":1959,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Electronics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Kurt Lehovec"],"organizations":["Sprague Electric"],"city":"North Adams, Massachusetts","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"North Adams, Massachusetts, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junction_isolation","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":9,"life-support-and-medicine":3,"research-acceleration":9},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"rec8eIeIqUPVg9VAr","title":"Animal cloning from adult cells","subtitle":"African clawed frog tadpole","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Experimento-gurdon.jpg?20160110212750","year":1958,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["John Gurdon"],"organizations":["Oxford University"],"city":"Oxford","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Oxford, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gurdon","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-07","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":2,"external-survival-infrastructure":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":4}}},{"id":"recCnBSeVwile3wKv","title":"Artificial neural network","subtitle":"Perceptron","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/330-PSA-80-60_%28USN_710739%29_%2820897323365%29.jpg/2560px-330-PSA-80-60_%28USN_710739%29_%2820897323365%29.jpg","year":1958,"dateDetails":"Date of first implemented neural network, the perceptron","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":["Artificial intelligence"],"inventors":["Frank Rosenblatt"],"organizations":["Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory"],"city":"Buffalo","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Buffalo, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":3,"research-acceleration":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":3}}},{"id":"recMvaiQ08aaDXtn4","title":"Computer network","subtitle":"Semi-Automatic Ground Environment","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/SAGE_control_room.png","year":1958,"dateDetails":"","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Communication","Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":3,"research-acceleration":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recd3sBMNsdW8qJ7C","title":"Implantable pacemaker","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/First_pacemaker_%28Siemens-Elema_1958%29.jpg?20100727091210","year":1958,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Cardiology"],"inventors":["Rune Elmqvist","Åke Senning"],"organizations":["Karolinska Institute"],"city":"Stockholm","countryHistorical":"Sweden","countryModern":"Sweden","formattedLocation":"Stockholm, Sweden","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker#Implantable","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":1,"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":5}}},{"id":"recoAznQxFDeFhos2","title":"Medical ultrasound","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Medecine_Echographie.jpg","year":1958,"dateDetails":"Earlier developments throughout the 1940s and 50s, but Ian Donald's paper in The Lancet in 1958 is widely considered a landmark.","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Reproductive health"],"inventors":["Ian Donald","Tom Brown","John MacVicar"],"organizations":["Princess Royal Maternity Hospital"],"city":"Glasgow","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Glasgow, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ultrasound","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-02-10","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec9RUL8oeIoUv7M1","title":"Modem","subtitle":"Bell 101","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Teletype-Bell-101C.jpg/2560px-Teletype-Bell-101C.jpg","year":1958,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication","Computing"],"subfields":["Telephony"],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Bell Labs"],"city":"New York","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"New York, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_101_modem","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":4,"research-acceleration":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recw3GSFodwfCXahw","title":"Central dogma of molecular biology","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Crick%27s_1958_central_dogma.svg/1920px-Crick%27s_1958_central_dogma.svg.png","year":1957,"dateDetails":"","type":"Theory","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Francis Crick"],"organizations":["University of Cambridge"],"city":"Cambridge","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Cambridge, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":3}}},{"id":"recKmKh3TSUrWBX0J","title":"Computer digital image","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/NBSFirstScanImageRestored.jpg/500px-NBSFirstScanImageRestored.jpg","year":1957,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Visual media","Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Russell Kirsch"],"organizations":["National Institute of Standards and Technology"],"city":"Washington DC area","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Washington DC area, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_image","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-02-28","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recXrcsxWUfwBuvGs","title":"High-level programming language","subtitle":"Fortran","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Fortran_acs_cover.jpeg","year":1957,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["John Backus"],"organizations":["IBM"],"city":"New York","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"New York, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recAP2z5I9yb31JB4","title":"Intercontinental ballistic missile","subtitle":"R-7 Semyorka","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Atlas_missile_test_launch.jpg","year":1957,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry","Space"],"subfields":["Rocketry"],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Energia (OKB-1)"],"city":"Moscow","countryHistorical":"Soviet Union","countryModern":"Russia","formattedLocation":"Moscow, Soviet Union","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile","details":"R-7 Semyorka was both a military missile and a rocket that led to the development of the Vostok rockets, which launched Sputnik and the Vostok capsule into space","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"receYijGe8izSc2xa","title":"Clark electrode","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Clark_Electrode.png","year":1956,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Leland Clark"],"organizations":["University of Cincinnati"],"city":"Cincinnati","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Cincinnati, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_electrode","details":"","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":3,"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":8,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recISgdcsQIzmEwpQ","title":"DNA polymerase","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/DNA_polymerase.png/250px-DNA_polymerase.png","year":1956,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Arthur Kornberg","et al."],"organizations":["Washington University in St. Louis"],"city":"St. Louis","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"St. Louis, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":2,"life-support-and-medicine":3,"research-acceleration":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recdulVDyf6LSXwsV","title":"Hard disk drive","subtitle":"IBM 350","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/RAMAC_305_disk.JPG","year":1956,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["IBM"],"city":"New York","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"New York, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_305_RAMAC","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"research-acceleration":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec8wVY1kmGTKeATj","title":"Atomic clock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Atomic_Clock-Louis_Essen.jpg","year":1955,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Louis Essen","Jack Perry"],"organizations":["National Physical Laboratory"],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_clock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recMYpuDSoWtbzuQC","title":"Protein sequencing","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Man_using_a_Beckman-Spinco_Protein-Peptide_Sequencer_bg257f292.tiff/lossy-page1-500px-Man_using_a_Beckman-Spinco_Protein-Peptide_Sequencer_bg257f292.tiff.jpg","year":1955,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Frederick Sanger"],"organizations":["University of Cambridge"],"city":"Cambridge","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Cambridge, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_sequencing","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":1,"life-support-and-medicine":3,"research-acceleration":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recTzGlTymWQfSUZT","title":"Ventilator","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bird_Mark_8_Medical_respirator1.JPG/2560px-Bird_Mark_8_Medical_respirator1.JPG","year":1955,"dateDetails":"The Bird respirator in 1955 was a breakthrough, though it seems there were earlier examples in the 1950s in the UK","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Forrest Bird"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_Bird#Mechanical_ventilators","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"hi-hist-kidney-transplantation-1954","title":"Kidney transplantation","subtitle":"","tier":"","year":1954,"dateDetails":"First successful human organ transplant: kidney transplantation between identical twins.","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Transplantation medicine"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Boston","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Boston, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_transplantation","details":"Demonstrates replacement of a terminally failing organ with a functioning biological substitute.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-24","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":0,"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra admitted historical overlay","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recOBLTuJWjiS7NVP","title":"Nuclear power plant","subtitle":"Atomic Power Station 1 Obninsk","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Obninsk_04710062_%288383320538%29.jpg/1600px-Obninsk_04710062_%288383320538%29.jpg?20170424143059","year":1954,"dateDetails":"","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Electricity","Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering"],"city":"Obninsk","countryHistorical":"Soviet Union","countryModern":"Russia","formattedLocation":"Obninsk, Soviet Union","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obninsk_Nuclear_Power_Plant","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"rechzIy5pfCkJ8CL0","title":"Heart-lung machine","subtitle":"aka Cardiopulmonary bypass","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/1955_heart_lung_machine.jpg","year":1953,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Surgery","Cardiology"],"inventors":["John Heysham Gibbon","Mary Hopkinson Gibbon"],"organizations":["Thomas Jefferson University Hospital","IBM"],"city":"Philadelphia","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Philadelphia, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_bypass","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-26","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":1,"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":8,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recF54bUzjr3RoAAe","title":"Structure of DNA","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pencil_sketch_of_the_DNA_double_helix_by_Francis_Crick_Wellcome_L0051225.jpg/1920px-Pencil_sketch_of_the_DNA_double_helix_by_Francis_Crick_Wellcome_L0051225.jpg","year":1953,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Francis Crick","James Watson"],"organizations":["University of Cambridge"],"city":"Cambridge","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Cambridge, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Structure_of_Nucleic_Acids:_A_Structure_for_Deoxyribose_Nucleic_Acid","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":2,"body-repair-and-replacement":4,"external-survival-infrastructure":6,"life-support-and-medicine":3,"research-acceleration":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"reck0ed5DJTkfMvN6","title":"Transistor computer","subtitle":"Manchester TC","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/TRADIC_computer.jpg","year":1953,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Richard Grimsdale","D. C. Webb"],"organizations":["University of Manchester"],"city":"Manchester","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Manchester, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_computer","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":8,"life-support-and-medicine":2,"research-acceleration":8},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recbAQuzW4zmyICcV","title":"Animal cloning","subtitle":"Northern leopard frog tadpole","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Woodfrog_tadpole.jpg/1599px-Woodfrog_tadpole.jpg","year":1952,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Robert Briggs","Thomas Joseph King"],"organizations":["Lankenau Institute for Medical Research"],"city":"Philadelphia","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Philadelphia, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning#Species_cloned_and_applications","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-07","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":3,"external-survival-infrastructure":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"reck7XWmUgbEuIw6M","title":"Numerical control","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/DeckelMaho-DMU50e-MachiningCenter.jpg/1920px-DeckelMaho-DMU50e-MachiningCenter.jpg?_=20050827070141","year":1952,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing","Computing"],"subfields":["Machine tools","Feedback control"],"inventors":["John T. Parsons","Gordon S. Brown","et al."],"organizations":["MIT"],"city":"Boston","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Boston, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_numerical_control","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-14","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":2,"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recWfmEztdAkcKaI2","title":"Nuclear power","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/First_four_nuclear_lit_bulbs.jpeg","year":1951,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Physics","Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Argonne National Laboratory"],"city":"Arco, Idaho","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Arco, Idaho, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recDwd0f7MBHQB3OS","title":"Pacemaker","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/AtrialPacemakerECG.JPG","year":1950,"dateDetails":"There were initial attempts in the 1920s and 1930s but the external pacemaker by Hopps was the first practical use","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Cardiology"],"inventors":["John Hopps"],"organizations":["University of Toronto"],"city":"Toronto","countryHistorical":"Canada","countryModern":"Canada","formattedLocation":"Toronto, Canada","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":2,"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"hi-hist-cryopreservation-1949","title":"Cryopreservation","subtitle":"Glycerol-protected cell preservation","tier":"","year":1949,"dateDetails":"Publication demonstrating revival of spermatozoa after low-temperature preservation using glycerol as a cryoprotective agent.","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology","Medicine"],"subfields":["Cryobiology","Biopreservation"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Cambridge","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Cambridge, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryopreservation","details":"Directly targets preservation of biological state across time and underlies future-waiting research.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-24","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":0},"sourceDataset":"Human Infra admitted historical overlay","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recz9I69H4PZQU5Ir","title":"Bipolar junction transistor","subtitle":"Grown-junction transistor","tier":"S","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Grown-junction_NPN_transistor_type_ST2010.png","year":1948,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Physics","Electronics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["William Shockley"],"organizations":["Bell Labs"],"city":"New York","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"New York, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":9,"brain-and-subject-continuity":2,"life-support-and-medicine":3,"research-acceleration":9},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recThf10ecN1LpUGT","title":"Stored-program computer","subtitle":"Manchester Baby","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/SSEM_Replica.jpg","year":1948,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Frederic C. Williams","Tom Kilburn","Geoff Tootill"],"organizations":["University of Manchester"],"city":"Manchester","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Manchester, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stored-program_computer","details":"Von Neumann architecture sometimes considered a synonym, though that is sometimes criticized (technically, the Harvard architecture also applies to some early stored-program computers)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":4,"external-survival-infrastructure":4,"life-support-and-medicine":2,"research-acceleration":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec6gHDMVV0gd8xcj","title":"AC defibrillator","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/1947_defibrillator.jpg/3840px-1947_defibrillator.jpg","year":1947,"dateDetails":"First successful use on a human, by Claude Beck. There were many earlier developments in the 1930s.","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Cardiology"],"inventors":["Claude Beck"],"organizations":["Case Western Reserve University"],"city":"Cleveland","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Cleveland, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillation","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-06","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recav1Xd9OvTntXl3","title":"Transistor","subtitle":"Point-contact transistor","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg","year":1947,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Physics","Electronics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["John Bardeen","Walter Brattain","William Shockley"],"organizations":["Bell Labs"],"city":"New York","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"New York, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":6,"brain-and-subject-continuity":3,"life-support-and-medicine":4,"research-acceleration":6},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recNpu4DmrZm6Rpcu","title":"Williams tube memory","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Williams-tube.jpg","year":1946,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Computing","Electronics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Freddie Williams","Tom Kilburn"],"organizations":["University of Manchester"],"city":"Manchester","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Manchester, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_tube#Development","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":5,"external-survival-infrastructure":5,"life-support-and-medicine":3,"research-acceleration":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recq4rjL1HeVLsFq5","title":"Electronic general purpose computer","subtitle":"ENIAC","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ENIAC_Penn1.jpg/200px-ENIAC_Penn1.jpg","year":1945,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["John Mauchly","J. Presper Eckert"],"organizations":["University of Pennsylvania"],"city":"Philadelphia","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Philadelphia, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC","details":"ENIAC: first programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":5,"external-survival-infrastructure":5,"life-support-and-medicine":3,"research-acceleration":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recGnj5KKOUh3rSDK","title":"Hemodialysis machine","subtitle":"aka Artificial kidney","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/KolfDrumKidney.jpg/1920px-KolfDrumKidney.jpg?_=20070616081504","year":1945,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Willem Johan Kolff"],"organizations":[],"city":"Kampen","countryHistorical":"Netherlands","countryModern":"Netherlands","formattedLocation":"Kampen, Netherlands","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodialysis","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-05-26","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recsPFzAs5UfJ3OEw","title":"Von Neumann architecture","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Von_Neumann_Architecture.svg/1280px-Von_Neumann_Architecture.svg.png?_=20130427233915","year":1945,"dateDetails":"","type":"Idea","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["John von Neumann"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":5,"external-survival-infrastructure":5,"life-support-and-medicine":3,"research-acceleration":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recOAQRYM24cKsFDF","title":"Ballistic missile","subtitle":"V-2 rocket","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/V-2_Rocket_On_Meillerwagen.jpg","year":1944,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry","Space"],"subfields":["Rocketry"],"inventors":["Wernher von Braun"],"organizations":["Wehrmacht"],"city":"Berlin","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Berlin, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recdutuNDTuwD75u4","title":"DNA as the carrier of information","subtitle":"Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/DNA_in_water.jpg/500px-DNA_in_water.jpg","year":1944,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Oswald Avery","Colin MacLeod","Maclyn McCarty"],"organizations":["Rockefeller University"],"city":"New York","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"New York, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery%E2%80%93MacLeod%E2%80%93McCarty_experiment","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":3,"body-repair-and-replacement":5,"external-survival-infrastructure":7,"life-support-and-medicine":3,"research-acceleration":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recGU7BMZOPVlZVWx","title":"Chemotherapy","subtitle":"Chlormethine","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Chemotherapy_vials_%284%29.jpg/1600px-Chemotherapy_vials_%284%29.jpg?20130121161026","year":1943,"dateDetails":"Date of clinical trials for chlormethine. Nitrogen mustard compounds were studied medically starting in 1942. The work was published in 1946 after WWII ended.","type":"Consumable","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Alfred Gilman","Louis Goodman","Leon O. Jacobson","et al."],"organizations":["Office of Scientific Research and Development","Yale University","University of Chicago"],"city":"New Haven,Chicago","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"New Haven, Chicago, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-06","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recdvUcxi2EKvzQOi","title":"Programmable electronic computer","subtitle":"Colossus","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Colossus.jpg/250px-Colossus.jpg","year":1943,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Tommy Flowers"],"organizations":["General Post Office"],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_computer","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":5,"external-survival-infrastructure":5,"life-support-and-medicine":3,"research-acceleration":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recvHf3k2yj2KH2eG","title":"Nuclear reactor","subtitle":"Chicago Pile-1","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Stagg_Field_reactor.jpg","year":1942,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Enrico Fermi","et al."],"organizations":["University of Chicago","Manhattan Project"],"city":"Chicago","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Chicago, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor","details":"First reactor: Chicago Pile-1","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recOej41vFC8yEy2F","title":"Electronic analog computer","subtitle":"Mischgerät","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Mischger%C3%A4t_analog_stability_control_computer.jpg","year":1941,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Helmut Hölzer"],"organizations":["C. Lorenz AG"],"city":"Berlin","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Berlin, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischger%C3%A4t_(V-2_guidance_computer)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-15","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recxT7YzqMyhTj131","title":"Epoxy resin","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/FiveMinEpoxy.jpg","year":1940,"dateDetails":"date uncertain, late 1930s or early 1940s","type":"Material","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Plastics"],"inventors":["Paul Schlack","Pierre Castan"],"organizations":["IG Farben"],"city":"Frankfurt,Zurich","countryHistorical":"Germany, Switzerland","countryModern":"Germany, Switzerland","formattedLocation":"Germany; Switzerland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy","details":"Simultaneous and independent developments by Schlack and Castan in Germany and Switzerland","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":2,"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recQaFSPtLI9KQVJy","title":"Kroll process","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Titanium_metal.jpg","year":1940,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["William Justin Kroll"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Luxembourg, USA","countryModern":"Luxembourg, USA","formattedLocation":"Luxembourg; USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroll_process","details":"The Kroll process made pure titanium economical, leading to many applications starting in the 1950s.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-07","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recrjzUEOH1OK0tGi","title":"Ultrasonic testing","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HD.6D.698_%2812365544204%29.jpg/1920px-HD.6D.698_%2812365544204%29.jpg?20141006085405","year":1940,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Physics","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_testing","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-02-10","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rect8Qd9j3Adwya0n","title":"Helium-3","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Angeregtes_Helium_3.jpg/500px-Angeregtes_Helium_3.jpg","year":1939,"dateDetails":"First detected in 1934, but isolated in 1939","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Luis Walter Alvarez","Robert Cornog"],"organizations":["University of California","Berkeley"],"city":"Berkeley, Gloucestershire","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Berkeley, Gloucestershire, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium-3","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-07","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recAyNVEIrjdhpke4","title":"p–n junction","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PN_diode_with_electrical_symbol.svg/2560px-PN_diode_with_electrical_symbol.svg.png","year":1939,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Electronics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Russel Ohl"],"organizations":["Bell Labs"],"city":"New York","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"New York, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junction","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":7,"brain-and-subject-continuity":4,"life-support-and-medicine":4,"research-acceleration":7},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec0sZecCFCEtEpVT","title":"Nuclear fission","subtitle":"","tier":"S","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Versuchsaufbau_Hahn_Deutsches_Museum-2.jpg","year":1938,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Otto Hahn","Lise Meitner","Fritz Strassmann"],"organizations":["Max Planck Institute for Chemistry"],"city":"Berlin","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Berlin, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_nuclear_fission","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recNV6bF1x4qSfCtL","title":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/700_lab_fix.JPG/250px-700_lab_fix.JPG","year":1938,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Isidor Isaac Rabi"],"organizations":["Columbia University"],"city":"New York","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"New York, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":1,"life-support-and-medicine":1,"preservation-and-future-waiting":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recYmUFgPcOT1c3ez","title":"Uranium-235","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HEUraniumC.jpg/2560px-HEUraniumC.jpg","year":1935,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Arthur Jeffrey Dempster"],"organizations":["University of Chicago"],"city":"Chicago","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Chicago, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"reciSYyqkMCiuO1l2","title":"Electron microscope","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ernst_Ruska_Electron_Microscope_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_Munich-edit.jpg/1024px-Ernst_Ruska_Electron_Microscope_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_Munich-edit.jpg","year":1933,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics","Electronics"],"subfields":["Microscopy"],"inventors":["Ernst Ruska","Max Knoll"],"organizations":["Technical University of Berlin"],"city":"Berlin","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Berlin, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recVcsLgBjF2bScP1","title":"Drum memory","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Pamiec_bebnowa_1.jpg","year":1932,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Gustav Tauschek"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Austria","countryModern":"Austria","formattedLocation":"Austria","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_memory","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-03-02","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":2,"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recr22Ei4lW5VrOqy","title":"Neutron","subtitle":"","tier":"S","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Chadwick_Neutron_Discovery.png","year":1932,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["James Chadwick"],"organizations":["University of Cambridge"],"city":"Cambridge","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Cambridge, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_the_neutron","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rechM2REdwn1jmBFA","title":"Focal plane tomography","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Panoramicfilm.JPG/250px-Panoramicfilm.JPG","year":1930,"dateDetails":"1930s, invented in parallel by several physicians","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Alessandro Vallebona","Bernard George Ziedses des Plantes"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_plane_tomography","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec06ggvawOhJtrAD","title":"Iron lung","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Iron_lung_CDC.jpg/200px-Iron_lung_CDC.jpg","year":1928,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Philip Drinker","Louis Shaw"],"organizations":["Harvard University","Boston Children's Hospital"],"city":"Boston","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Boston, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_lung","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recLxp7SQHEmGtPlS","title":"Penicillin","subtitle":"","tier":"S","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sample_of_penicillin_mould_presented_by_Alexander_Fleming_to_Douglas_Macleod%2C_1935_%289672239344%29.jpg/2560px-Sample_of_penicillin_mould_presented_by_Alexander_Fleming_to_Douglas_Macleod%2C_1935_%289672239344%29.jpg","year":1928,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Alexander Fleming"],"organizations":["St Mary's Hospital"],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recRPwGoJO17yOfat","title":"Liquid-propellant rocket","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Goddard_and_Rocket.jpg/1920px-Goddard_and_Rocket.jpg","year":1926,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Flying","Physics"],"subfields":["Rocketry"],"inventors":["Robert H. Goddard"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-propellant_rocket","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recnFS1CzdEuQp9P6","title":"Field-effect transistor (concept)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/FET_cross_section.svg/200px-FET_cross_section.svg.png","year":1925,"dateDetails":"","type":"Theory","fields":["Electronics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Julius Edgar Lilienfeld"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-effect_transistor","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":6,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":6,"research-acceleration":6},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recSruAvP0VAzoBXX","title":"Electroencephalography","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/1st-eeg.png","year":1924,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Hans Berger"],"organizations":["University of Jena"],"city":"Jena","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Jena, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recNzUot05QrojDLO","title":"Wave–particle duality of matter","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/A565_G_P_Thomson_Electron_Diffraction.jpg","year":1924,"dateDetails":"Confirmed experimentally in 1925","type":"Theory","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":["Quantum physics"],"inventors":["Louis de Broglie"],"organizations":["University of Paris"],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recjpiTG3LLLzMq9a","title":"Somatic cell nuclear transfer","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Somatic_Cell_Nuclear_Transfer.png","year":1923,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Hilde Mangold","Hans Spemann"],"organizations":["University of Freiburg"],"city":"Freiburg im Breisgau","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-07","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":4,"external-survival-infrastructure":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recoOo4Q49WFBJ2Qb","title":"Insulin","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Insulin_struct.png/500px-Insulin_struct.png","year":1921,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Biology","Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Frederick Banting","Charles Best"],"organizations":["University of Toronto"],"city":"Toronto","countryHistorical":"Canada","countryModern":"Canada","formattedLocation":"Toronto, Canada","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin#History_of_study","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":2,"body-repair-and-replacement":2,"life-support-and-medicine":2,"research-acceleration":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recB7JkBFgSotO12a","title":"Digital image","subtitle":"Bartlane system","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Science_and_Invention_April_1926_-_How_Photos_Are_Cabled_Across_Atlantic.png/1280px-Science_and_Invention_April_1926_-_How_Photos_Are_Cabled_Across_Atlantic.png","year":1920,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Visual media","Communication"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Harry G. Bartholomew","Maynard D. McFarlane"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlane_system","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-03-01","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rechy0rK0YRKsurEd","title":"Mass spectrometer","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Early_Mass_Spectrometer_%28replica%29.jpg","year":1918,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Arthur Jeffrey Dempster"],"organizations":["University of Chicago"],"city":"Chicago","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Chicago, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mass_spectrometry","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recB16HaDQlJSFR7z","title":"Piezoelectric transducer","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Pioneers_of_Submarine_Detection.tiff/lossless-page1-514px-Pioneers_of_Submarine_Detection.tiff.png","year":1917,"dateDetails":"Work done both by Langevin/Chilowski and Rutherford/Boyle, which culminated in sonars in the UK at the end of WWI","type":"Tool","fields":["Physics","Diving"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Paul Langevin","Constantin Chilowsky","Robert William Boyle","Ernest Rutherford"],"organizations":["Collège de France","McGill University"],"city":"Paris,Montreal","countryHistorical":"France, Canada","countryModern":"France, Canada","formattedLocation":"France; Canada","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Langevin","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-02-10","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec2z2KgDNHw786x9","title":"Fire-control system","subtitle":"Dreyer fire control table and Argo clock","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/HMS_Belfast_-_6inch_transmitting_station_1.jpg/3840px-HMS_Belfast_-_6inch_transmitting_station_1.jpg","year":1916,"dateDetails":"The Dreyer tables were fitted on ships started in 1916. Dreyer's design and Pollen's Argo clock had previously been in competition until the choice was made in favor of Dreyer's.","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing","Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Frederic Charles Dreyer","Arthur Pollen"],"organizations":["Royal Navy"],"city":"","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-control_system","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-09","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":3,"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recBnBc0HGuophfYN","title":"Diffusion pump","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Langmuir_mercury_diffusion_pump.jpg","year":1915,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Wolfgang Gaede"],"organizations":["University of Freiburg"],"city":"Freiburg im Breisgau","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_pump","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":7,"brain-and-subject-continuity":4,"external-survival-infrastructure":7,"life-support-and-medicine":5,"research-acceleration":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recchJfFTm2TvMkC3","title":"General relativity","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/200px--BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.jpg","year":1915,"dateDetails":"","type":"Theory","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Albert Einstein"],"organizations":["Humboldt University of Berlin"],"city":"Berlin","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Berlin, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recHvjOzpvy0LlGyz","title":"High-vacuum tube","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Solton_BV60_Bassamp.jpg","year":1915,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Electronics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Irving Langmuir"],"organizations":["General Electric"],"city":"Schenectady, New York","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Schenectady, New York, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":6,"brain-and-subject-continuity":3,"external-survival-infrastructure":6,"life-support-and-medicine":4,"research-acceleration":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"reclZ4AJporrhcW9L","title":"Activated sludge","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Secondary_treatment_reactors_-_Blue_Plains_WWTP_-_2016a.jpg/1920px-Secondary_treatment_reactors_-_Blue_Plains_WWTP_-_2016a.jpg?20200602151639","year":1913,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Edward Ardern","W.T. Lockett"],"organizations":["Davyhulme Sewage Works","University of Manchester"],"city":"Manchester","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Manchester, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_sludge","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":"2026-01-28","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recp8WxtRGU6xTEsX","title":"Isotopes","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Discovery_of_neon_isotopes.JPG/1920px-Discovery_of_neon_isotopes.JPG","year":1913,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["J. J. Thomson"],"organizations":["University of Cambridge"],"city":"Cambridge","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Cambridge, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mass_spectrometry#Discovery_of_isotopes","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure","preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":3,"preservation-and-future-waiting":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recTVb0qvLeCJSev4","title":"X-ray tube","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Cosser_Crookes_xray_tube.jpg","year":1913,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Physics","Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["William Coolidge"],"organizations":["General Electric"],"city":"Schenectady, New York","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Schenectady, New York, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_tube#Coolidge_tube","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recTvHEx5OfVQANKd","title":"Amplifier","subtitle":"","tier":"A","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/First_Audion_amplifier_1914.jpg/1280px-First_Audion_amplifier_1914.jpg","year":1912,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Electronics","Communication","Music"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Lee de Forest"],"organizations":[],"city":"New York","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"New York, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recLO0ZdbhfsBjaVe","title":"X-ray crystallography","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Bragg_X-ray_spectrometer%2C_England_Wellcome_L0059139.jpg","year":1912,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["William Henry Bragg","Lawrence Bragg"],"organizations":["University of Leeds"],"city":"Leeds","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Leeds, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography#Early_scientific_history_of_crystals_and_X-rays","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":1,"body-repair-and-replacement":5,"external-survival-infrastructure":7,"life-support-and-medicine":4,"research-acceleration":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"reczM7QPDhoHmfAdT","title":"Laparoscope","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Laparoscopic_Hand_Instruments_001_JPN.jpg","year":1910,"dateDetails":"Jacobaeus performed the first laparoscopic examinations in humans in 1910 at the Serafimerlasarettet in Stockholm, using a modified Nitze cystoscope introduced through a trocar puncture in the abdominal wall with air insufflation. Georg Kelling had performed an earlier \"koelioskopie\" in 1901 in Dresden, but only in a dog with filtered-air insufflation","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Surgery"],"inventors":["Hans Christian Jacobaeus"],"organizations":["Serafimerlasarettet"],"city":"Stockholm","countryHistorical":"Sweden","countryModern":"Sweden","formattedLocation":"Stockholm, Sweden","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparoscopy","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-15","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":1,"life-support-and-medicine":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recd6eUBL030IxBMq","title":"Cellophane","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Dupont-baby-bag-advert_%288080777436%29.jpg","year":1908,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Chemistry","Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Jacques E. Brandenberger"],"organizations":["Blanchisserie et Teinturerie de Thaon"],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Switzerland","countryModern":"Switzerland","formattedLocation":"Switzerland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellophane","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recxt4IS6lgVIf856","title":"Wirephoto","subtitle":"Bildtelegraph and Bélinographe","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Belinograph-CnAM_18774-IMG_5328-gradient.jpg/1920px-Belinograph-CnAM_18774-IMG_5328-gradient.jpg","year":1907,"dateDetails":"Competing systems by Arthur Korn (Bildtelegraph) and Édouard Belin (bélinographe). Korn was probably a bit earlier but Belin won out in the end.","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Arthur Kornberg","Édouard Belin"],"organizations":[],"city":"Munich,Paris","countryHistorical":"Germany, France","countryModern":"Germany, France","formattedLocation":"Germany; France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirephoto","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"reci8RJPgsJlaeqqq","title":"Triode","subtitle":"aka Audion, Three-element vacuum tube","tier":"S","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Triode_tube_1906.jpg/250px-Triode_tube_1906.jpg","year":1906,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Electricity","Electronics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Lee de Forest"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audion","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":7,"brain-and-subject-continuity":4,"external-survival-infrastructure":7,"life-support-and-medicine":5,"preservation-and-future-waiting":5,"research-acceleration":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec8krKEJBvagKopd","title":"Photon","subtitle":"aka Light quantum","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Photoelectric_effect_in_a_solid_-_diagram.svg/1920px-Photoelectric_effect_in_a_solid_-_diagram.svg.png","year":1905,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Albert Einstein"],"organizations":["Swiss Patent Office"],"city":"Bern","countryHistorical":"Switzerland","countryModern":"Switzerland","formattedLocation":"Bern, Switzerland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recjVUn7dFdy92hQD","title":"Special relativity","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/World_line.svg/1920px-World_line.svg.png","year":1905,"dateDetails":"","type":"Theory","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Albert Einstein"],"organizations":["Swiss Patent Office"],"city":"Bern","countryHistorical":"Switzerland","countryModern":"Switzerland","formattedLocation":"Bern, Switzerland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_special_relativity","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recKItfXl2xCDbTgI","title":"Thermionic diode","subtitle":"Fleming valve","tier":"A","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Fleming_valves.jpg","year":1904,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Electricity","Electronics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["John Ambrose Fleming"],"organizations":["Marconi Company"],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleming_valve","details":"First vacuum tube and first diode","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":5,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":8,"brain-and-subject-continuity":5,"external-survival-infrastructure":8,"life-support-and-medicine":6,"preservation-and-future-waiting":6,"research-acceleration":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recmRjT2JAQnXYnWM","title":"Dumaresq","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/HMS_Belfast_-Dumaresq.jpg","year":1902,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing","Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["John Dumaresq"],"organizations":["Royal Navy"],"city":"","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumaresq","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-09","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":4,"life-support-and-medicine":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec4heudR4rZuIZES","title":"ABO blood types","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/BlutAgglutination.JPG?_=20220109130254","year":1901,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Karl Landsteiner"],"organizations":["Medical University of Vienna"],"city":"Vienna","countryHistorical":"Austria-Hungary","countryModern":"Austria","formattedLocation":"Vienna, Austria-Hungary","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system","details":"Enabled safe blood transfusion","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-26","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":2,"life-support-and-medicine":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":8,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":3}}},{"id":"recDauZnnZSO25xYg","title":"Chromatography","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/TLC_black_ink.jpg/1600px-TLC_black_ink.jpg?20161129220119","year":1901,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Mikhail Tsvet"],"organizations":["Russian Academy of Sciences"],"city":"Saint Petersburg","countryHistorical":"Russia","countryModern":"Russia","formattedLocation":"Saint Petersburg, Russia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatography","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":2,"body-repair-and-replacement":4,"external-survival-infrastructure":6,"life-support-and-medicine":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recADXUknLo3AiZeM","title":"Electrical grid","subtitle":"aka Power grid","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Farmland_near_Pembridge_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714696.jpg","year":1901,"dateDetails":"A power station supplying its own local patch had existed since the early 1880s; the grid is the later step of tying many stations into one interconnected regional network. That began on Tyneside with Charles Merz's Neptune Bank station, opened June 1901, and the Newcastle Electric Supply Company system built around it, which by 1912 had grown into the largest integrated power system in Europe, with multiple stations, high-voltage three-phase links, and a central control room coordinating the whole network","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Electricity","Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Charles Merz"],"organizations":["Merz & McLellan","Newcastle upon Tyne Electric Supply Company"],"city":"Newcastle upon Tyne","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Newcastle upon Tyne, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-22","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recgsKilLHCuhNvc2","title":"Electrocardiography machine","subtitle":"String galvanometer","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Willem_Einthoven_ECG.jpg","year":1901,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine","Electricity"],"subfields":["Cardiology"],"inventors":["Willem Einthoven"],"organizations":["University of Leiden"],"city":"Leiden","countryHistorical":"Netherlands","countryModern":"Netherlands","formattedLocation":"Leiden, Netherlands","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_galvanometer","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":3,"life-support-and-medicine":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"rec4BlLTtZ1ii4dha","title":"Nickel–cadmium battery","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Sub-c-nicd.jpg?20171223210854","year":1899,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Electricity","Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Waldemar Jungner"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Sweden","countryModern":"Sweden","formattedLocation":"Sweden","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":2,"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recT3Ex5kTmQOpa7H","title":"Secondary emission","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Oscilloscopeabcde.jpg/2560px-Oscilloscopeabcde.jpg","year":1899,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics","Electronics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_emission","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":6,"external-survival-infrastructure":6,"life-support-and-medicine":4,"research-acceleration":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec3bR4ZK3toNaGJ5","title":"Polonium","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Polonium_on_brass_sheet.jpg/3840px-Polonium_on_brass_sheet.jpg","year":1898,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements"],"inventors":["Marie Curie","Pierre Curie"],"organizations":["École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris"],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":5,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recMipLQvBUAnrdem","title":"Wire recording","subtitle":"Telegraphone","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Telegrafon_8154.jpg","year":1898,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Valdemar Poulsen"],"organizations":[],"city":"Copenhagen","countryHistorical":"Denmark","countryModern":"Denmark","formattedLocation":"Copenhagen, Denmark","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_recording","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":3,"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recgA657PDRag86TT","title":"Cathode-ray tube","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Braun_cathode_ray_tube.jpg","year":1897,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Physics","Chemistry","Electronics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Karl Ferdinand Braun"],"organizations":["University of Strasbourg"],"city":"Strasbourg","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Strasbourg, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":6,"brain-and-subject-continuity":3,"external-survival-infrastructure":6,"life-support-and-medicine":2,"research-acceleration":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recF6QHDu6wn1NPC8","title":"Electron","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Thomson_atom_electron_arrangements.jpg","year":1897,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics","Chemistry","Electronics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["J. J. Thomson"],"organizations":["University of Cambridge"],"city":"Cambridge","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Cambridge, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray#Discovery_of_the_electron","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":7,"brain-and-subject-continuity":3,"research-acceleration":7},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":3}}},{"id":"recWFyS1WHyJqX0A2","title":"Nernst lamp","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Nernst-lamp2.jpg","year":1897,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Lighting"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Walther Nernst"],"organizations":["University of Göttingen"],"city":"Göttingen","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Göttingen, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nernst_lamp","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"rec72IW15GmzwuvEL","title":"Oscilloscope","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Sine_wave_10_kHz_displayed_on_analog_oscilloscope.jpg","year":1897,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Electronics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Karl Ferdinand Braun"],"organizations":["University of Strasbourg"],"city":"Strasbourg","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Strasbourg, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_oscilloscope#Tilting_mirror","details":"Perfected in 1899 by Jonathan Zenneck","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":2,"life-support-and-medicine":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec7DhJcodhd1o0WH","title":"Electrolytic capacitor","subtitle":"Aluminum electrolytic capacitor","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Early_electrolytic_capacitor.jpg","year":1896,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Karol Pollak"],"organizations":[],"city":"Berlin","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Berlin, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytic_capacitor","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-05","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"rec1zs3vT9c8xreDm","title":"Radioactivity","subtitle":"aka Radioactive decay","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Becquerel_plate.jpg","year":1896,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Henri Becquerel"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":5,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recdCNoPojWeKGo5V","title":"Hampson–Linde air liquefaction","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Linde_cycle_1895_-1903_patent_cryo.jpg","year":1895,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Carl von Linde","William Hampson"],"organizations":["Technical University of Munich"],"city":"Munich,London","countryHistorical":"Germany, UK","countryModern":"Germany, UK","formattedLocation":"Germany; UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampson%E2%80%93Linde_cycle","details":"Gas liquefaction / air separation. Independently invented in the same year by Linde and Hampson","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recMClvTgVyIdv9h1","title":"Wireless telegraphy","subtitle":"aka Radiotelegraphy","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Marconi%27s_first_radio_transmitter.jpg","year":1895,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Radio"],"inventors":["Guglielmo Marconi"],"organizations":[],"city":"Bologna","countryHistorical":"Italy","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Bologna, Italy","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":6,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":9,"brain-and-subject-continuity":6,"external-survival-infrastructure":9,"life-support-and-medicine":7,"preservation-and-future-waiting":7,"research-acceleration":6},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recBAzMnHgoMjlKQg","title":"X-ray","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/First_medical_X-ray_by_Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_of_his_wife_Anna_Bertha_Ludwig%27s_hand_-_18951222.jpg/1280px-First_medical_X-ray_by_Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_of_his_wife_Anna_Bertha_Ludwig%27s_hand_-_18951222.jpg","year":1895,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Wilhelm Röntgen"],"organizations":["University of Würzburg"],"city":"Würzburg","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Würzburg, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":2,"body-repair-and-replacement":6,"external-survival-infrastructure":8,"life-support-and-medicine":2,"research-acceleration":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rece9AsL4EU6mmlQE","title":"Water chlorination","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Manual_Control_Chlorinator.jpg","year":1894,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_chlorination","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-01-29","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recr7R4HqnfrRMQoo","title":"Rayon","subtitle":"aka Viscose, Artificial silk","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Rayon_closeup_1.jpg","year":1892,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":["Plastics"],"inventors":["Charles Frederick Cross","Edward John Bevan","Clayton Beadle"],"organizations":[],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"rec7BjW61BRsDQ0kq","title":"Vacuum flask","subtitle":"aka Dewar flask, Thermos","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ri_2014_-_Thermos_flask_-_James_Dewar_%2827%29.jpg/960px-Ri_2014_-_Thermos_flask_-_James_Dewar_%2827%29.jpg","year":1892,"dateDetails":"Turned into a commercial product for everyday use by Thermos in 1904","type":"Tool","fields":["Chemistry","Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["James Dewar"],"organizations":["Royal Institution"],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_flask","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":5,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recwM1Rsa8tIDaF2Y","title":"Polyphase electric power","subtitle":"Three-phase","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Galileo_Ferraris_Alternating_Current_Motor.jpg","year":1891,"dateDetails":"Polyphase ideas existed a few years earlier (Ferraris's rotating field in 1885, Tesla's polyphase patents in 1888, Dolivo-Dobrovolsky's three-phase system in 1889), but those were lab-scale principles and components. 1891 is when it was first shown to work as a practical long-distance system: the Lauffen-to-Frankfurt demonstration sent three-phase power over 175 km at high voltage with good efficiency","type":"Technique","fields":["Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky"],"organizations":[],"city":"Frankfurt","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Frankfurt, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 15%","dateAdded":"2026-07-22","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recpZueTt09KQ48cD","title":"Moving-coil oscillograph","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Oscillograph_Duddell_Moving_Coil.png/1920px-Oscillograph_Duddell_Moving_Coil.png","year":1890,"dateDetails":"approximate guess based on William Duddell's biography Wikipedia page","type":"Tool","fields":["Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["William Duddell"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_oscilloscope","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":3,"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"reci6cLrhHjD19FN7","title":"Radio detector","subtitle":"Coherer","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tube_de_Branly_%28no._78%29_pour_la_d%C3%A9tection_radio%2C_coh%C3%A9reur_02.tif/lossy-page1-1280px-Tube_de_Branly_%28no._78%29_pour_la_d%C3%A9tection_radio%2C_coh%C3%A9reur_02.tif.jpg","year":1890,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Communication","Physics"],"subfields":["Radio"],"inventors":["Édouard Branly"],"organizations":[],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherer","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":7,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":10,"brain-and-subject-continuity":7,"external-survival-infrastructure":10,"life-support-and-medicine":8,"preservation-and-future-waiting":8,"research-acceleration":7},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recF5nARAtSymjLlU","title":"Induction motor","subtitle":"aka Asynchronous AC motor","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Tesla%27s_induction_motor.jpg","year":1888,"dateDetails":"Independently developed by Ferraris and Tesla","type":"Part","fields":["Electricity","Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Galileo Ferraris","Nikola Tesla"],"organizations":[],"city":"Turin,New York","countryHistorical":"Italy, USA","countryModern":"Italy, USA","formattedLocation":"Italy; USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motor","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recHoTPI6q0DaDrFh","title":"de Laval nozzle","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Laval-nozzle-%28longitudinal-section-of-RD-107-jet-engine%29.jpg","year":1888,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Energy","Flying"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Gustaf de Laval"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Sweden","countryModern":"Sweden","formattedLocation":"Sweden","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Laval_nozzle","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recjQ6Wim82YAkZV1","title":"Photoelectric effect","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Gold_leaf_electroscope_1869.png","year":1887,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":["Quantum physics"],"inventors":["Heinrich Hertz"],"organizations":["University of Karlsruhe"],"city":"Karlsruhe","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Karlsruhe, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-22","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rechBqnRi9AMojstj","title":"Radio waves and spark-gap transmitter","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Heinrich_Hertz_discovering_radio_waves_crop.png/480px-Heinrich_Hertz_discovering_radio_waves_crop.png","year":1887,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":["Radio"],"inventors":["Heinrich Hertz"],"organizations":["University of Karlsruhe"],"city":"Karlsruhe","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Karlsruhe, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":7,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":10,"brain-and-subject-continuity":7,"external-survival-infrastructure":10,"life-support-and-medicine":8,"preservation-and-future-waiting":8,"research-acceleration":7},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recLobyjntUeJ3UIk","title":"Anode ray","subtitle":"aka Canal ray","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Anode_Ray_Tube.jpg","year":1886,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Eugen Goldstein"],"organizations":["Berlin Observatory"],"city":"Berlin","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Berlin, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anode_ray","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure","preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":4,"preservation-and-future-waiting":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"reczhVsXnH5ie6kfQ","title":"Germanium","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg/500px-Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg","year":1886,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements"],"inventors":["Clemens Winkler"],"organizations":["Freiberg University of Mining and Technology"],"city":"Freiberg","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Freiberg, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":7,"brain-and-subject-continuity":4,"life-support-and-medicine":5,"research-acceleration":7},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"rec7Hx6p5gLcFrz6x","title":"Closed-core transformer","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/DBZ_trafo.jpg","year":1884,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Károly Zipernowsky","Ottó Bláthy","Miksa Déri"],"organizations":["Ganz Works"],"city":"Budapest","countryHistorical":"Austria-Hungary","countryModern":"Hungary","formattedLocation":"Budapest, Austria-Hungary","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#Closed-core_transformers_and_parallel_power_distribution","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":1,"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recp0tqUSxjktsEZd","title":"Steam turbine","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Parson%27s_Compound_Steam_Turbine_-_1887_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17167.png","year":1884,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Energy","Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Charles Parsons"],"organizations":["Clarke Chapman"],"city":"Newcastle upon Tyne","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Newcastle upon Tyne, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":5,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recJFA0cvUkBap8RZ","title":"Tabulating machine","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Tabulatrice%2C_selezionarice_e_perforatrice_hollerith_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_D0779.jpg?20160531203646","year":1884,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Herman Hollerith"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabulating_machine","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":3,"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recvINj9Uajm95eOp","title":"Coal power plant","subtitle":"Edison Electric Light Station","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Edison_Electric_Light_Station%2C_Holborn_Viaduct%2C_London.jpg","year":1882,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Electricity","Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Thomas Edison"],"organizations":["General Electric"],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn_Viaduct_power_station","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recO0NqIl6gI2dEXG","title":"Moving-coil galvanometer","subtitle":"aka D'Arsonval galvanometer","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/A_moving_coil_galvanometer._Wellcome_M0016397.jpg/2560px-A_moving_coil_galvanometer._Wellcome_M0016397.jpg","year":1882,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval","Marcel Deprez"],"organizations":["Collège de France","École des mines de Paris"],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanometer#D'Arsonval_and_Deprez","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":4,"life-support-and-medicine":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recHVAMPBYTYT5iEO","title":"Piezoelectricity","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Top_view_of_Curie_piezo_electric_compensator.jpg","year":1880,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics","Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Pierre Curie","Jacques Curie"],"organizations":[],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"reczV2wmjVh5pnQMA","title":"Autoclave","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Muencke%27s_%28%3F%29_high_pressure_steam_sterilizer._Wellcome_L0003762.jpg/960px-Muencke%27s_%28%3F%29_high_pressure_steam_sterilizer._Wellcome_L0003762.jpg?20141003005343","year":1879,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine","Medicine","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Charles Chamberland"],"organizations":["École normale supérieure"],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclave","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-11","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":2,"life-support-and-medicine":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":8,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"reclvw71dbykBFlBn","title":"Gasoline as fuel","subtitle":"aka Petrol","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gasolinecan20221112.jpg/960px-Gasolinecan20221112.jpg?20221114122724","year":1879,"dateDetails":"The first reliable engine to use gasoline was made by Benz in 1879. Previously, gasoline was known as a byproduct of kerosene distillation.","type":"Consumable","fields":["Energy","Chemistry"],"subfields":["Fuels"],"inventors":["Karl Benz"],"organizations":["Benz & Cie."],"city":"Mannheim","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Mannheim, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_gasoline","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-04","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recvvlPekZIYbZxUb","title":"Light bulb","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Edison_Carbon_Bulb.jpg","year":1879,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Lighting"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Joseph Swan","Thomas Edison"],"organizations":[],"city":"Menlo Park, New Jersey,Newcastle upon Tyne","countryHistorical":"USA, UK","countryModern":"UK, USA","formattedLocation":"USA; UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb#History","details":"This date corresponds to commercially successful light bulbs, but there were many earlier attempts. Independently invented by Swan and Edison","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":9,"body-repair-and-replacement":2,"brain-and-subject-continuity":6,"external-survival-infrastructure":9,"life-support-and-medicine":2,"preservation-and-future-waiting":7,"research-acceleration":6},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recA7y5s0cH8JmFin","title":"Liquid oxygen","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_%28cropped_and_retouched%29.jpg/250px-Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_%28cropped_and_retouched%29.jpg","year":1877,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Louis Paul Cailletet","Raoul Pictet"],"organizations":["University of Geneva"],"city":"Châtillon-sur-Seine,Geneva","countryHistorical":"France, Switzerland","countryModern":"France, Switzerland","formattedLocation":"France; Switzerland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_oxygen","details":"Independently obtained by Louis Paul Cailletet in France and Raoul Pictet in Switzerland. Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski made more significant amounts in 1883 (see liquid nitrogen entry)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recL5EOuREJNI7vDA","title":"Ball-and-disk integrator","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Harmonic_analyser_disc_and_sphere.jpg/2560px-Harmonic_analyser_disc_and_sphere.jpg","year":1876,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["James Thomson","William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)"],"organizations":["University of Glasgow"],"city":"Glasgow","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Glasgow, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball-and-disk_integrator","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-09","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":4,"life-support-and-medicine":4,"preservation-and-future-waiting":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":3}}},{"id":"recGVZMEzSR5AtIGS","title":"Four-stroke engine","subtitle":"Otto engine","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/PSM_V18_D500_An_american_internal_combustion_otto_engine.jpg","year":1876,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Energy","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Nikolaus August Otto"],"organizations":["Deutz AG"],"city":"Cologne","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Cologne, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_engine","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":5,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recsuiMSZF6D1d814","title":"Liquefied gas refrigerants","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BIB_-_K%C3%A4ltemaschine.jpg/1600px-BIB_-_K%C3%A4ltemaschine.jpg?20160905095425","year":1876,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Agriculture","Chemistry"],"subfields":["Cooling"],"inventors":["Carl von Linde"],"organizations":["Technical University of Munich"],"city":"Munich","countryHistorical":"Germany","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Munich, Germany","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration#History","details":"Linde's \"new process made possible using gases such as ammonia, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and methyl chloride (CH3Cl) as refrigerants and they were widely used for that purpose until the late 1920s.\"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":5,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recFVh9QpKp4whFy4","title":"Telephone","subtitle":"","tier":"S","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Actor_portraying_Alexander_Graham_Bell_in_an_AT%26T_promotional_film_%281926%29.jpg","year":1876,"dateDetails":"Date of Bell's patent and first successful telephone transmission of clear speech by Bell and Watson. The  telephone's invention has several claimants","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Telephony"],"inventors":["Alexander Graham Bell","et al."],"organizations":[],"city":"Brantford, Ontario,Boston","countryHistorical":"Canada, USA","countryModern":"Canada, USA","formattedLocation":"Canada; USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":5,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":5,"research-acceleration":6},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec2SovotJBlk0TCL","title":"Crookes tube","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kat%C3%B3dsugarak_m%C3%A1gneses_mez%C5%91ben%281%29.jpg/250px-Kat%C3%B3dsugarak_m%C3%A1gneses_mez%C5%91ben%281%29.jpg","year":1875,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Physics","Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["William Crookes","et al."],"organizations":[],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crookes_tube","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":3,"body-repair-and-replacement":7,"brain-and-subject-continuity":4,"external-survival-infrastructure":5,"life-support-and-medicine":2,"preservation-and-future-waiting":4,"research-acceleration":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recYKII5WaLsrv8Tf","title":"Quadruplex telegraph","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Collection_of_United_States_patents_granted_to_Thomas_A._Edison%2C_1869-1884_%281869%29_%2814569979420%29.jpg/1280px-Collection_of_United_States_patents_granted_to_Thomas_A._Edison%2C_1869-1884_%281869%29_%2814569979420%29.jpg","year":1874,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication","Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Thomas Edison"],"organizations":["Menlo Park laboratory"],"city":"Menlo Park, New Jersey","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Menlo Park, New Jersey, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruplex_telegraph","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":6,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":6,"research-acceleration":7},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recBya782WFlr6CKV","title":"Maxwell's equations","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/James_Clerk_Maxwell_Statue_Equations.jpg","year":1873,"dateDetails":"Work done over many years, especially at Glenlair House in Scotland, and published in full form in 1873 when Maxwell was professor at Cambridge","type":"Theory","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["James Clerk Maxwell"],"organizations":["University of Cambridge","King's College London"],"city":"Cambridge,London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Cambridge, London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Maxwell%27s_equations","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":8,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":11,"brain-and-subject-continuity":8,"external-survival-infrastructure":11,"life-support-and-medicine":9,"preservation-and-future-waiting":9,"research-acceleration":8},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"reccnHJ7Vm5l7jU7E","title":"Selenium photocell","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Minoxmeter.jpg","year":1873,"dateDetails":"The photoconductivity of selenium was discovered in 1873 by Willoughby Smith; commercial products using selenium cells appeared soon after.","type":"Part","fields":["Electricity","Optics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Willoughby Smith"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium_meter","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recjVQ1u7nL6A1Ppq","title":"Tide-predicting machine","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tide-predicting_machine%2C_1872%2C_invented_by_William_Thomson_-_Science_Museum%2C_London_-_DSC05542.jpg/960px-Tide-predicting_machine%2C_1872%2C_invented_by_William_Thomson_-_Science_Museum%2C_London_-_DSC05542.jpg?20240924102359","year":1872,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing","Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)"],"organizations":["University of Glasgow"],"city":"Glasgow","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Glasgow, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide-predicting_machine","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-09","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":5,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":5,"life-support-and-medicine":5,"preservation-and-future-waiting":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec6OYA3zx7AYg2HU","title":"Electric generator","subtitle":"Gramme machine","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/GrammeMachine.jpg/500px-GrammeMachine.jpg","year":1871,"dateDetails":"First generator to have sufficient power for commercial use. Also accidentally discovered in 1873 to function as an electric motor","type":"Tool","fields":["Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Zénobe Gramme"],"organizations":[],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramme_machine","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure","preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":2,"preservation-and-future-waiting":6},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec13qNH5aTkDDNi9","title":"Nucleic acid","subtitle":"Nuclein","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Schloss_Chemisches_Laboratorium_1879.jpg/1176px-Schloss_Chemisches_Laboratorium_1879.jpg?20091101001356","year":1869,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Friedrich Miescher"],"organizations":["University of Tübingen"],"city":"Tübingen","countryHistorical":"Württemberg","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Tübingen, Württemberg","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":3,"body-repair-and-replacement":5,"external-survival-infrastructure":7,"life-support-and-medicine":4,"research-acceleration":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec4gPHjIp2qAOgBZ","title":"Antiseptic surgery","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Eakins%2C_Thomas_-_The_Agnew_Clinic.jpg/3840px-Eakins%2C_Thomas_-_The_Agnew_Clinic.jpg","year":1867,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Surgery"],"inventors":["Joseph Lister"],"organizations":["University of Glasgow"],"city":"Glasgow","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Glasgow, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic","details":"","imagePosition":"bottom right","dateAdded":"2026-05-19","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":2,"life-support-and-medicine":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":8,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"reciSoXN7pn2HJsU2","title":"Servomechanism","subtitle":"Steering engine","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/McFarlane_Gray%27s_steam_steering_engine_1868.png/500px-McFarlane_Gray%27s_steam_steering_engine_1868.png","year":1866,"dateDetails":"Credit shared between Gray (who built the servomechanism on the SS Great Eastern) and Farcot (who coined the term and built some instances for battleships)","type":"Part","fields":["Measurement"],"subfields":["Feedback control"],"inventors":["John McFarlane Gray","Joseph Farcot"],"organizations":["George Forrester and Company","Farcot and Sons"],"city":"Liverpool,Paris","countryHistorical":"UK, France","countryModern":"UK, France","formattedLocation":"UK; France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomechanism","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":"2026-04-14","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":2,"life-support-and-medicine":2,"preservation-and-future-waiting":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recGitia1RCUEqRfs","title":"Sprengel pump","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Sprengel_vacuum_pump.png","year":1865,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Hermann Sprengel"],"organizations":[],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprengel_pump","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":10,"body-repair-and-replacement":3,"brain-and-subject-continuity":7,"external-survival-infrastructure":10,"life-support-and-medicine":3,"preservation-and-future-waiting":8,"research-acceleration":7},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recSfn8N7vTSjnViA","title":"High-speed steam engine","subtitle":"aka Porter-Allen engine","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Porter-Allen_high-speed_engine_%28New_Catechism_of_the_Steam_Engine%2C_1904%29.jpg","year":1862,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Charles Talbot Porter","John F. Allen"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_steam_engine#Porter-Allen_high_speed_steam_engine","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recTn5WCRbrhldsPV","title":"Germ theory","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg","year":1861,"dateDetails":"","type":"Theory","fields":["Biology","Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Louis Pasteur"],"organizations":["École normale supérieure"],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-19","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":3,"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":8,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recLJqr0FBV1J6qDM","title":"Carbon fibers","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Carbon_fiber_%28cropped%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled&_=20240209172220","year":1860,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Joseph Swan"],"organizations":[],"city":"Newcastle upon Tyne","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Newcastle upon Tyne, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fibers","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":10,"body-repair-and-replacement":3,"brain-and-subject-continuity":7,"external-survival-infrastructure":10,"life-support-and-medicine":3,"preservation-and-future-waiting":8,"research-acceleration":7},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recFcVstUbH07XsjU","title":"Cathode ray","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cyclotron_motion_smaller_view.jpg/200px-Cyclotron_motion_smaller_view.jpg","year":1859,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Julius Plücker"],"organizations":["University of Bonn"],"city":"Bonn","countryHistorical":"Prussia","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Bonn, Prussia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":7,"brain-and-subject-continuity":4,"external-survival-infrastructure":7,"life-support-and-medicine":3,"research-acceleration":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recv9LoyFEQs6BeFb","title":"Internal combustion engine","subtitle":"Lenoir engine","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Lenoirmotor.jpg/2560px-Lenoirmotor.jpg","year":1859,"dateDetails":"The Lenoir engine was the first commercially successful internal combustion engine","type":"Part","fields":["Energy","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Étienne Lenoir (Belgian)"],"organizations":["Petiene et Cie"],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Lenoir#Lenoir_engine","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":6,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":6},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"rectXUusNYxNQl6Wg","title":"Mirror galvanometer","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Thomsons_mirror_galvanometer%2C_1858._%289663806048%29.jpg","year":1858,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Electricity","Communication"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)"],"organizations":["University of Glasgow"],"city":"Glasgow","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Glasgow, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_galvanometer","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":5,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":5,"life-support-and-medicine":6},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recEN6Zu49wOSBVPe","title":"Geissler tube","subtitle":"","tier":"S","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Geissler_tubes_%28Les_ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A8nes_de_la_physique%29.jpg/250px-Geissler_tubes_%28Les_ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A8nes_de_la_physique%29.jpg","year":1857,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Physics","Chemistry","Lighting"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Heinrich Geissler"],"organizations":["University of Bonn"],"city":"Bonn","countryHistorical":"Prussia","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Bonn, Prussia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geissler_tube","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":4,"body-repair-and-replacement":8,"brain-and-subject-continuity":5,"external-survival-infrastructure":6,"life-support-and-medicine":3,"preservation-and-future-waiting":5,"research-acceleration":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recD0QvfnfgmV2n1Y","title":"Electrotherapy","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/DuchenneAppareil.jpg","year":1855,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine","Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne"],"organizations":[],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrotherapy#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recIOVy1gEwTdj914","title":"Endoscope","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Minor_surgery_and_bandaging%2C_including_the_treatment_of_fractures_and_dislocations_%281891%29_%2814577494050%29.jpg?_=20150917173442","year":1853,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine","Optics"],"subfields":["Surgery"],"inventors":["Antonin Jean Desormeaux"],"organizations":["Hôpital Necker"],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscope","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-03","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":2,"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recG3picaruBs4JBr","title":"Thermionic emission","subtitle":"aka Edison effect","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Edison_light_bulb_with_plate.jpg","year":1853,"dateDetails":"Re-discovered by Frederick Guthrie in 1873 and Thomas Edison in 1880. The Edison discovery led to its use in vacuum tubes","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Edmond Becquerel"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermionic_emission","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":6,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":9,"brain-and-subject-continuity":6,"external-survival-infrastructure":9,"life-support-and-medicine":7,"preservation-and-future-waiting":7,"research-acceleration":6},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recx7ES7uBd8ItZdi","title":"Fluorescence","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fluorite%2C_calcite%2C_scheelite%2C_quartz_sous_UV_1.jpg/1920px-Fluorite%2C_calcite%2C_scheelite%2C_quartz_sous_UV_1.jpg?_=20110526163853","year":1852,"dateDetails":"First noticed perhaps by the Aztecs, but understood scientifically when Stokes published \"On the change of refrangibility of light\" in 1852, characterizing fluorescence as light absorption followed by emission at longer wavelengths, demonstrating the effect on quinine sulfate, fluorite, uranium glass, and other materials using UV-dispersed sunlight as the excitation source. He coined the term \"fluorescence\" from fluorite.","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics","Optics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["George Stokes"],"organizations":["University of Cambridge"],"city":"Cambridge","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Cambridge, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-23","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recx7H5OTOskrGvd7","title":"Joule–Thomson effect","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Throttling_in_Ts_diagram_01.jpg","year":1852,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["James Prescott Joule","William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule%E2%80%93Thomson_effect","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":5,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recsrziAxsCQh170z","title":"Submarine communication cable","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-01035%2C_New_York%2C_Verlegen_von_Unterseekabel.jpg","year":1850,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":6,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":6,"life-support-and-medicine":7},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recYi5GfhL5G386cR","title":"Hydraulic cylinder","subtitle":"Hydraulic jigger","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Hydraulische_jigger%2C_William_Armstrong%2C_ca_1888%2C_MAS.jpg","year":1846,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Energy","Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["William Armstrong"],"organizations":[],"city":"Newcastle upon Tyne","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Newcastle upon Tyne, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_cylinder","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-20","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":2,"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recs6ipaGB1uqP9Lw","title":"Gutta-percha (modern use)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_pagan_tribes_of_Borneo%3B_a_description_of_their_physical%2C_moral_and_intellectual_condition%2C_with_some_discussion_of_their_ethnic_relations_%281912%29_%2814598075089%29.jpg/2560px-thumbnail.jpg","year":1843,"dateDetails":"Used since ancient times in Southeast Asia; described scientifically and used industrially starting in 1843","type":"Material","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["William Montgomerie"],"organizations":["East India Company"],"city":"Singapore","countryHistorical":"British Singapore","countryModern":"Singapore","formattedLocation":"Singapore, British Singapore","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutta-percha","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":7,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":7,"life-support-and-medicine":8},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recjHykimCur8XNts","title":"Cell theory","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg/250px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg","year":1839,"dateDetails":"","type":"Theory","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Matthias Jakob Schleiden","Theodor Schwann"],"organizations":["Free University of Berlin","University of Jena"],"city":"Berlin,Jena","countryHistorical":"Prussia","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Berlin, Jena, Prussia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_theory","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":3,"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":8,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recLbe5SB3DqTwSi9","title":"Photovoltaic effect","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mafate_Marla_solar_panel_dsc00633.jpg/250px-Mafate_Marla_solar_panel_dsc00633.jpg","year":1839,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Electricity","Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Edmond Becquerel"],"organizations":["Muséum national d'histoire naturelle"],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":5,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec3Lc7YMIX90JzQl","title":"Cellulose","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cellulose_Sessel.svg/500px-Cellulose_Sessel.svg.png","year":1838,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Anselme Payen"],"organizations":["École centrale Paris"],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recl96pIFr95S84QV","title":"Protein","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Myoglobin.png","year":1838,"dateDetails":"First description and naming of the concept, though proteins had been recognized and studied in the 1700s.","type":"Discovery","fields":["Biology"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Gerardus Johannes Mulder"],"organizations":[],"city":"Rotterdam","countryHistorical":"Netherlands","countryModern":"Netherlands","formattedLocation":"Rotterdam, Netherlands","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-03-09","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":2,"life-support-and-medicine":4,"research-acceleration":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recU4VjqcBUWh6Bx9","title":"Commercial telegraphy","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg/1920px-Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg","year":1837,"dateDetails":"","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["William Fothergill Cooke","Charles Wheatstone"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":10,"brain-and-subject-continuity":7,"external-survival-infrastructure":7,"life-support-and-medicine":3,"preservation-and-future-waiting":8,"research-acceleration":7},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recMHHiWGRGYndedx","title":"Morse code","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/International_Morse_Code.svg/250px-International_Morse_Code.svg.png","year":1837,"dateDetails":"","type":"Standard","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Samuel Morse"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":7,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":10,"brain-and-subject-continuity":7,"external-survival-infrastructure":10,"life-support-and-medicine":8,"preservation-and-future-waiting":8,"research-acceleration":7},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recctKjWq10iZ8Rae","title":"Daniell cell","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/NMAH-Daniell_cell_batteries_1836.JPG/250px-NMAH-Daniell_cell_batteries_1836.JPG","year":1836,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Electricity","Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["John Frederic Daniell"],"organizations":[],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniell_cell","details":"First battery to be a practical source of electrical current","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":11,"brain-and-subject-continuity":8,"external-survival-infrastructure":8,"life-support-and-medicine":4,"preservation-and-future-waiting":9,"research-acceleration":8},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recr6QE4GDCIjDjTb","title":"Induction coil","subtitle":"aka Inductorium, Ruhmkorff coil","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Early_induction_coil%2C_1838.jpg","year":1836,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Nicholas Callan","Charles Grafton Page"],"organizations":["Maynooth College","at home"],"city":"Dublin,Boston","countryHistorical":"UK, USA","countryModern":"Ireland, USA","formattedLocation":"UK; USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_coil","details":"Independently invented by Callan and Page","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":5,"body-repair-and-replacement":9,"brain-and-subject-continuity":6,"external-survival-infrastructure":2,"life-support-and-medicine":4,"preservation-and-future-waiting":6,"research-acceleration":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recvEzWBOU5g7labA","title":"Electromechanical relay","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Delta_Electronics_DPS-350FB_A_-_board_1_-_OEG_SDT-SS-112M_-_case_removed-3045.jpg/200px-Delta_Electronics_DPS-350FB_A_-_board_1_-_OEG_SDT-SS-112M_-_case_removed-3045.jpg","year":1835,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Joseph Henry"],"organizations":["Princeton University"],"city":"Princeton","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Princeton, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":11,"brain-and-subject-continuity":8,"external-survival-infrastructure":8,"life-support-and-medicine":4,"preservation-and-future-waiting":9,"research-acceleration":8},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recqyp3ICwDWMmqhm","title":"Silver mirror","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Mirrors%3B_a_work_table_and_equipment_for_silvering_glass._Eng_Wellcome_V0024063ER.jpg","year":1835,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Justus von Liebig"],"organizations":["University of Giessen"],"city":"Giessen","countryHistorical":"Hesse","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Giessen, Hesse","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvering","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":3,"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recFfzuEzzNA0JhnZ","title":"Phenol","subtitle":"aka Carbolic acid","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Bottle_of_Phenol.jpg","year":1834,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry","Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge"],"organizations":[],"city":"Berlin","countryHistorical":"Prussia","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Berlin, Prussia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-20","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":3,"life-support-and-medicine":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":8,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recZDLvMtvrjSxRbR","title":"Vapor-compression refrigeration system","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Gorrie_Ice_Machine.png","year":1834,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":["Cooling"],"inventors":["Jacob Perkins"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration#History","details":"John Gorrie made a similar attempt a few years latter, in 1842","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"anchor","minimumAncestorDepth":0,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":0},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec2C48x5MAxujTd8","title":"Enzyme","subtitle":"Diastase","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Glucosidase_enzyme.png","year":1833,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Biology","Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Anselme Payen","Jean-François Persoz"],"organizations":[],"city":"Paris,Strasbourg","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, Strasbourg, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-16","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":2,"body-repair-and-replacement":4,"external-survival-infrastructure":6,"life-support-and-medicine":4,"research-acceleration":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recu8dlaHiuq6wrbS","title":"Alternating current","subtitle":"aka AC","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Types_of_current.svg/250px-Types_of_current.svg.png","year":1832,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Hippolyte Pixii"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":2,"life-support-and-medicine":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recmCZIvxcrySW4Eg","title":"Dynamo","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Pacinotti_dynamo.jpg","year":1832,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Hippolyte Pixii"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo#First_dynamos","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":3,"life-support-and-medicine":5,"preservation-and-future-waiting":7},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recsuW9YJ4WMN3sDJ","title":"Electric motor","subtitle":"aka DC motor","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/An_electric_motor_presented_to_Kelvin_by_James_Joule_in_1842%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg/2880px-An_electric_motor_presented_to_Kelvin_by_James_Joule_in_1842%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg","year":1832,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Electricity","Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["William Sturgeon"],"organizations":[],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":2,"external-survival-infrastructure":3,"life-support-and-medicine":1,"preservation-and-future-waiting":7},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recKrJ7K87jx1EUMN","title":"Electromagnetic induction","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Induction_experiment.png","year":1831,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Michael Faraday"],"organizations":["Royal Institution"],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction","details":"independently discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831 and Joseph Henry in 1832","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":6,"body-repair-and-replacement":10,"brain-and-subject-continuity":7,"external-survival-infrastructure":3,"life-support-and-medicine":5,"preservation-and-future-waiting":7,"research-acceleration":6},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recjYUIf5PXzcXbLX","title":"Commutated rotary electric motor","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jedlik_motor.jpg/440px-Jedlik_motor.jpg","year":1828,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Ányos Jedlik"],"organizations":[],"city":"Győr","countryHistorical":"Hungary","countryModern":"Hungary","formattedLocation":"Győr, Hungary","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nyos_Jedlik","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":3,"external-survival-infrastructure":4,"life-support-and-medicine":2,"preservation-and-future-waiting":8},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recn3TpfmguYhaguZ","title":"Aluminium","subtitle":"aka Aluminum","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aluminum_apex_Repaired_1934.png/1920px-Aluminum_apex_Repaired_1934.png","year":1824,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Metallurgy","Chemistry"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements"],"inventors":["Hans Christian Ørsted"],"organizations":["University of Copenhagen"],"city":"Copenhagen","countryHistorical":"Denmark","countryModern":"Denmark","formattedLocation":"Copenhagen, Denmark","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_aluminium","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recKSDjXGqYyWLWL8","title":"Electromagnet","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Sturgeon_electromagnet.png","year":1824,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["William Sturgeon"],"organizations":["East India Company"],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 15%","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":6,"body-repair-and-replacement":4,"brain-and-subject-continuity":7,"external-survival-infrastructure":3,"life-support-and-medicine":3,"preservation-and-future-waiting":7,"research-acceleration":6},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recORlweoiyBQ7zyS","title":"Silicon","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/SiliconCroda.jpg/500px-SiliconCroda.jpg","year":1824,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements"],"inventors":["Jöns Jacob Berzelius"],"organizations":["Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences"],"city":"Stockholm","countryHistorical":"Sweden","countryModern":"Sweden","formattedLocation":"Stockholm, Sweden","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon#Discovery","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":5,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":6,"brain-and-subject-continuity":5,"life-support-and-medicine":5,"research-acceleration":6},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recn8WaRK6SLFp1Mi","title":"Liquefaction of gas","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/The_Liquefaction_of_Gases_p39_2.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=original","year":1823,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Michael Faraday"],"organizations":["Royal Institution"],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefaction_of_gases","details":"","imagePosition":"right","dateAdded":"2026-05-15","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":5,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":5},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"reckqo7SclRvuYbZ6","title":"Electromagnetism","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Oersted_experiment.png?_=20131010203205","year":1820,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Electricity"],"subfields":["Magnetism"],"inventors":["Hans Christian Ørsted"],"organizations":["University of Copenhagen"],"city":"Copenhagen","countryHistorical":"Denmark","countryModern":"Denmark","formattedLocation":"Copenhagen, Denmark","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2026-06-12","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":7,"body-repair-and-replacement":5,"brain-and-subject-continuity":7,"external-survival-infrastructure":4,"life-support-and-medicine":4,"preservation-and-future-waiting":8,"research-acceleration":7},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"reciyEX55EF9PS79U","title":"Galvanometer","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sine_and_Tangent_Galvanometer-MHS_98-IMG_3874-gradient.jpg/1920px-Sine_and_Tangent_Galvanometer-MHS_98-IMG_3874-gradient.jpg","year":1820,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Johann Schweigger"],"organizations":["Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg"],"city":"Halle","countryHistorical":"Prussia","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Halle, Prussia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanometer","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":7,"body-repair-and-replacement":11,"brain-and-subject-continuity":6,"external-survival-infrastructure":4,"life-support-and-medicine":6,"preservation-and-future-waiting":8,"research-acceleration":7},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"recfuhpJ24vQc1iXk","title":"Sodium hypochlorite bleach","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Clorox_Bleach_products.jpg","year":1820,"dateDetails":"Labarraque is also known for discovering the disinfection uses of potassium and sodium hypochlorite","type":"Consumable","fields":["Chemistry","Textiles","Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Antoine Germain Labarraque"],"organizations":[],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-01-29","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["external-survival-infrastructure"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":1,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"external-survival-infrastructure":1},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":1,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recVhJ0wyyQqfovYJ","title":"Milling machine","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Eli_Whitney_milling_machine_1818--001.png","year":1818,"dateDetails":"\"It is clear that milling machines as a distinct class of machine tool (separate from lathes running rotary files) first appeared between 1814 and 1818.\" The 1818 machine is famous and has been falsely attributed to Eli Whitney","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Machine tools"],"inventors":["Robert Johnson","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milling_(machining)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-14","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["body-repair-and-replacement","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"body-repair-and-replacement":3,"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rech08LxzgqRPdQCb","title":"Cadmium","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg/500px-Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg","year":1817,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements"],"inventors":["Friedrich Stromeyer"],"organizations":["University of Göttingen"],"city":"Göttingen","countryHistorical":"Hanover","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Göttingen, Hanover","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-20","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":3,"life-support-and-medicine":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":6,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":2}}},{"id":"recXuqPYcOgUvAhFD","title":"Gyroscope","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Foucault%27s_gyroscope.jpg","year":1817,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger"],"organizations":["University of Tübingen"],"city":"Tübingen","countryHistorical":"Württemberg","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Tübingen, Württemberg","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["preservation-and-future-waiting"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"preservation-and-future-waiting":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":1}}},{"id":"reclsbxa68PJkaskP","title":"Lithium","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lithiumcut_cropped.jpg/250px-Lithiumcut_cropped.jpg","year":1817,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements"],"inventors":["Johan August Arfwedson"],"organizations":[],"city":"Stockholm","countryHistorical":"Sweden","countryModern":"Sweden","formattedLocation":"Stockholm, Sweden","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":3}}},{"id":"recEpeXdWTBIYRrIm","title":"Selenium","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Selenium_in_sandstone_Westwater_Canyon_Section_23_Mine_Grants%2C_New_Mexico.jpg","year":1817,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements","Semiconductors"],"inventors":["Jöns Jacob Berzelius"],"organizations":["Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences"],"city":"Stockholm","countryHistorical":"Sweden","countryModern":"Sweden","formattedLocation":"Stockholm, Sweden","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":2,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"recaoRGpzJXbeRFnF","title":"Electric telegraph","subtitle":"","tier":"S","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ronalds%27_electric_telegraph.jpg/2880px-Ronalds%27_electric_telegraph.jpg","year":1816,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication","Electricity"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Francis Ronalds"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph","details":"First electric telegraph on considerable distance","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","preservation-and-future-waiting","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":11,"brain-and-subject-continuity":8,"external-survival-infrastructure":8,"life-support-and-medicine":4,"preservation-and-future-waiting":9,"research-acceleration":8},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":4,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec0ET6Ahgd2HYCAm","title":"Spectroscope","subtitle":"aka Optical spectrometer","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Fraunhofer_spectroscope.JPG","year":1814,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Joseph von Fraunhofer"],"organizations":["Benediktbeuern Optical Institute"],"city":"Munich","countryHistorical":"Bavaria","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Munich, Bavaria","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_spectrometer","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-01-06","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","body-repair-and-replacement","external-survival-infrastructure","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":2,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":2,"body-repair-and-replacement":6,"external-survival-infrastructure":8,"life-support-and-medicine":5,"research-acceleration":2},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"reczFPrWixE18htmo","title":"Magnesium","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium.jpg/500px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium.jpg","year":1808,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements"],"inventors":["Humphry Davy"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium#History","details":"First isolation of the element","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["life-support-and-medicine"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"life-support-and-medicine":3},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec3qkqAOpecHd0e5","title":"Potassium","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Potassium-2.jpg","year":1807,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements"],"inventors":["Humphry Davy"],"organizations":["Royal Institution"],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium#History","details":"First isolation of the element","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":7,"brain-and-subject-continuity":6,"life-support-and-medicine":4,"research-acceleration":7},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":3,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"rec65euBBroqk3iNa","title":"Ultraviolet","subtitle":"aka UV","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Two_black_light_lamps.jpg","year":1801,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics","Optics","Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Johann Wilhelm Ritter"],"organizations":["University of Jena"],"city":"Jena","countryHistorical":"Saxe-Weimar","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Jena, Saxe-Weimar","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-22","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["brain-and-subject-continuity"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":4,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"brain-and-subject-continuity":4},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":7,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}},{"id":"reccnab5E5zQTHfzs","title":"Electrolysis","subtitle":"Electrolysis of water","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_decomposition_of_water_by_means_of_the_battery._Wellcome_M0014546.jpg/1920px-The_decomposition_of_water_by_means_of_the_battery._Wellcome_M0014546.jpg?_=20141024163146","year":1800,"dateDetails":"Nicholson & Carlisle's 1800 electrolysis of water with a voltaic pile was the first instance embodying electrolysis's defining principle, sustained direct current through an electrolyte. Earlier electrostatic-machine decompositions (van Marum 1785; van Troostwijk & Deiman 1789) delivered only static discharges, not sustained DC, and weren't recognized as electrolysis.","type":"Technique","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["William Nicholson","Anthony Carlisle"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Great Britain","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Great Britain","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","humanInfra":{"goal":"Effective immortality","pathways":["biological-state-rewriting","brain-and-subject-continuity","life-support-and-medicine","research-acceleration"],"role":"historical-ancestor","minimumAncestorDepth":3,"ancestorDepthByPathway":{"biological-state-rewriting":8,"brain-and-subject-continuity":7,"life-support-and-medicine":3,"research-acceleration":8},"sourceDataset":"Historical Tech Tree","layout":{"algorithm":"elk-layered-fixed-time-v1","column":5,"columnCount":10,"orderInYear":0}}}],"links":[{"source":"hi-condition-brain-memory-agency","target":"hi-goal-effective-immortality","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"hi-condition-continuous-infrastructure","target":"hi-goal-effective-immortality","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"hi-condition-failure-control","target":"hi-goal-effective-immortality","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"hi-condition-observable-life-state","target":"hi-goal-effective-immortality","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"hi-condition-repairable-body","target":"hi-goal-effective-immortality","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"hi-condition-subject-continuity","target":"hi-goal-effective-immortality","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"hi-hist-kidney-transplantation-1954","target":"hi-hist-transplant-immunosuppression-1962","type":"Improvement","details":"Drug immunosuppression extended kidney transplantation beyond genetically identical donors to unrelated allografts.","detailsSource":"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1990/murray-lecture.html"},{"source":"hi-route-automated-science","target":"hi-condition-failure-control","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"hi-route-automated-science","target":"hi-condition-observable-life-state","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"hi-route-biological-repair","target":"hi-condition-failure-control","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"hi-route-biological-repair","target":"hi-condition-repairable-body","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"hi-route-body-function-substitution","target":"hi-condition-repairable-body","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"hi-route-brain-continuity-engineering","target":"hi-condition-brain-memory-agency","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"hi-route-brain-continuity-engineering","target":"hi-condition-subject-continuity","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"hi-route-external-continuity","target":"hi-condition-continuous-infrastructure","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"hi-route-future-waiting","target":"hi-condition-subject-continuity","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"hi-route-life-state-modeling","target":"hi-condition-observable-life-state","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"rec06ggvawOhJtrAD","target":"recTzGlTymWQfSUZT","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec0ET6Ahgd2HYCAm","target":"recLO0ZdbhfsBjaVe","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-01-17"},{"source":"rec0sZecCFCEtEpVT","target":"recvHf3k2yj2KH2eG","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec13qNH5aTkDDNi9","target":"recF54bUzjr3RoAAe","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec13qNH5aTkDDNi9","target":"recdutuNDTuwD75u4","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec1zs3vT9c8xreDm","target":"rec3bR4ZK3toNaGJ5","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec1zs3vT9c8xreDm","target":"recr22Ei4lW5VrOqy","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec23LMFZFUSBVxqg","target":"hi-route-automated-science","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"rec2C48x5MAxujTd8","target":"recISgdcsQIzmEwpQ","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-16"},{"source":"rec2C48x5MAxujTd8","target":"recR8oAP8jxXAakHx","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-16"},{"source":"rec2C48x5MAxujTd8","target":"recosSdrR13rnqMC7","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-16"},{"source":"rec2KoJLhH0jhh6Ju","target":"recK1ujrokYQMZO4T","type":"Component","details":"\"Each DNA-bound bead was placed into a ~29 μm well on a PicoTiterPlate, a fiber optic chip.\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/454_Life_Sciences","dateAdded":"2026-02-21"},{"source":"rec2LtJuVrCfwylwK","target":"rece6Cdg2uv6QT0AD","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-06-10"},{"source":"rec2SovotJBlk0TCL","target":"rec1zs3vT9c8xreDm","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Becquerel was studying x-rays and phosphorescence in Crookes tubes when he discovered radioactivity","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec2SovotJBlk0TCL","target":"recBAzMnHgoMjlKQg","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec2SovotJBlk0TCL","target":"recF6QHDu6wn1NPC8","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec2SovotJBlk0TCL","target":"recLobyjntUeJ3UIk","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec2SovotJBlk0TCL","target":"recTVb0qvLeCJSev4","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec2SovotJBlk0TCL","target":"recgA657PDRag86TT","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec2z2KgDNHw786x9","target":"reck7XWmUgbEuIw6M","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-04-15"},{"source":"rec3Lc7YMIX90JzQl","target":"recd6eUBL030IxBMq","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec3Lc7YMIX90JzQl","target":"recr7R4HqnfrRMQoo","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec3SDMzaXv7IR1ZR","target":"recuFY1IAbywZkd53","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec3bR4ZK3toNaGJ5","target":"recr22Ei4lW5VrOqy","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Used in Chadwick's original experiment","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec3qkqAOpecHd0e5","target":"recORlweoiyBQ7zyS","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"Jöns Jacob Berzelius prepared amorphous silicon using approximately the same method as Gay-Lussac (reducing potassium fluorosilicate with molten potassium metal), but purifying the product to a brown powder by repeatedly washing it. As a result, he is usually given credit for the element's discovery.\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon","dateAdded":"2026-06-07"},{"source":"rec3qkqAOpecHd0e5","target":"recn3TpfmguYhaguZ","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"Attempts to produce aluminium date back to 1760. The first successful attempt, however, was completed in 1824 by Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian Ørsted. He reacted anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium amalgam, yielding a lump of metal looking similar to tin.\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium","dateAdded":"2026-06-07"},{"source":"rec4BlLTtZ1ii4dha","target":"recd3sBMNsdW8qJ7C","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec4JPiXwnOloXJA2","target":"hi-route-external-continuity","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"rec4MMradWEA4SoRf","target":"hi-route-automated-science","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"rec4gPHjIp2qAOgBZ","target":"rechzIy5pfCkJ8CL0","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-26"},{"source":"rec4heudR4rZuIZES","target":"rechzIy5pfCkJ8CL0","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-26"},{"source":"rec65euBBroqk3iNa","target":"recjQ6Wim82YAkZV1","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-22"},{"source":"rec65euBBroqk3iNa","target":"recx7ES7uBd8ItZdi","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-23"},{"source":"rec6OYA3zx7AYg2HU","target":"recF5nARAtSymjLlU","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The induction motor is built on the AC rotating-machine art of the generator, not the brushed DC motor; its polyphase stator windings mirror an alternator's. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky engineered three-phase generators and induction motors as a matched pair, and Tesla designed his motors as the receiving end of alternator-generated current","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-07-22"},{"source":"rec6OYA3zx7AYg2HU","target":"recp0tqUSxjktsEZd","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec6OYA3zx7AYg2HU","target":"recvINj9Uajm95eOp","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec6gHDMVV0gd8xcj","target":"recHUn0tA2UPQsoo6","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec6gUFnpza5pD7YM","target":"rec4MMradWEA4SoRf","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec6gUFnpza5pD7YM","target":"recEjVbYXNLRGJsIs","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec6gUFnpza5pD7YM","target":"recqpbpOi6kSME19s","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-02-19"},{"source":"rec72IW15GmzwuvEL","target":"reciSYyqkMCiuO1l2","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Electron microscopy was invented by a team working on advancing cathode-ray oscilloscope design","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec72IW15GmzwuvEL","target":"recoAznQxFDeFhos2","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-02-14"},{"source":"rec7621zEZaK34VNk","target":"hi-hist-base-editing-2016","type":"Improvement","details":"Base editing engineers a guide-RNA-programmable CRISPR/Cas9 fusion for direct base conversion without a double-strand break.","detailsSource":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17946"},{"source":"rec7621zEZaK34VNk","target":"hi-hist-prime-editing-2019","type":"Improvement","details":"Prime editing extends programmable CRISPR editing with reverse-transcriptase-mediated writing of substitutions, insertions and deletions.","detailsSource":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1711-4"},{"source":"rec7621zEZaK34VNk","target":"hi-route-biological-repair","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"rec7BjW61BRsDQ0kq","target":"recdCNoPojWeKGo5V","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Liquid air requires a vacuum flask for storage","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-14"},{"source":"rec7DhJcodhd1o0WH","target":"recHUn0tA2UPQsoo6","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-06"},{"source":"rec7Hx6p5gLcFrz6x","target":"rec6gHDMVV0gd8xcj","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-06"},{"source":"rec7Hx6p5gLcFrz6x","target":"recADXUknLo3AiZeM","type":"Component","details":"Carrying power across a region means sending it at high voltage to keep losses down, then stepping it back to usable levels near the customer, which only the transformer can do. NESCO generated at several thousand volts and depended on transformers to raise voltage for transmission and lower it for local distribution","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-07-22"},{"source":"rec7KB8wV67VExEzb","target":"recAuAe26DCEd5XPt","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec7OevZhfiKkcY9K","target":"recZ22SycWsvtKM4M","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec7ijXIoSxJb6hK0","target":"hi-route-life-state-modeling","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"rec8eIeIqUPVg9VAr","target":"recCk8kXUQxPL9BFY","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-06-07"},{"source":"rec8krKEJBvagKopd","target":"recNzUot05QrojDLO","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-22"},{"source":"rec8wVY1kmGTKeATj","target":"hi-route-future-waiting","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"rec9RUL8oeIoUv7M1","target":"recMvaiQ08aaDXtn4","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rec9UekcXOpIX7Z2M","target":"rec7ijXIoSxJb6hK0","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recA7y5s0cH8JmFin","target":"recRPwGoJO17yOfat","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recADXUknLo3AiZeM","target":"hi-route-external-continuity","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recAP2z5I9yb31JB4","target":"recLcBLQ5vxJEX04p","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recAVYieLhW2YMv54","target":"hi-hist-partial-cellular-reprogramming-2016","type":"Improvement","details":"Partial reprogramming is a controlled derivative of the OSKM/iPSC lineage that stops before complete pluripotent conversion.","detailsSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27984723/"},{"source":"recAVYieLhW2YMv54","target":"hi-route-biological-repair","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recAVYieLhW2YMv54","target":"recQL3dqnAew80SgN","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Induced pluripotent stem cells are used in practice instead of the more controversial embryonic stem cells","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recAuAe26DCEd5XPt","target":"recINhZ7hUlyzPGZ5","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recAyNVEIrjdhpke4","target":"recav1Xd9OvTntXl3","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recAyNVEIrjdhpke4","target":"rect26v3zE9INVjkN","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recB16HaDQlJSFR7z","target":"recrjzUEOH1OK0tGi","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-02-14"},{"source":"recB7JkBFgSotO12a","target":"recKmKh3TSUrWBX0J","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-03-01"},{"source":"recBAzMnHgoMjlKQg","target":"recLO0ZdbhfsBjaVe","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recBAzMnHgoMjlKQg","target":"recTVb0qvLeCJSev4","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recBSibYje1aw9C5P","target":"hi-route-body-function-substitution","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recBnBc0HGuophfYN","target":"recHvjOzpvy0LlGyz","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recBya782WFlr6CKV","target":"rechBqnRi9AMojstj","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recCjYXw0pqrSgGYq","target":"recNmUfOUyNSQ47QJ","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recCk8kXUQxPL9BFY","target":"recAVYieLhW2YMv54","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"The successful cloning of Dolly led to widespread advancements within stem cell research, including the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells.\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)","dateAdded":"2025-06-07"},{"source":"recCnBSeVwile3wKv","target":"reckQdpc1lyzej0bi","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recCr4g543IaqeEM8","target":"recqekMB7dHZZKiYd","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recD0QvfnfgmV2n1Y","target":"rec6gHDMVV0gd8xcj","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-06"},{"source":"recDauZnnZSO25xYg","target":"recR8oAP8jxXAakHx","type":"Prerequisite","details":"DNA ligase \"was first purified and characterized by Weiss and Richardson using a six-step chromatographic-fractionation process beginning with elimination of cell debris and addition of streptomycin, followed by several Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose column washes and a final phosphocellulose fractionation\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_ligase#History","dateAdded":"2025-06-07"},{"source":"recDpaZSt6Mw0Tyzx","target":"recZ22SycWsvtKM4M","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recDwd0f7MBHQB3OS","target":"recd3sBMNsdW8qJ7C","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recEN6Zu49wOSBVPe","target":"rec2SovotJBlk0TCL","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recEN6Zu49wOSBVPe","target":"recFcVstUbH07XsjU","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recEN6Zu49wOSBVPe","target":"recKItfXl2xCDbTgI","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recEjVbYXNLRGJsIs","target":"hi-route-automated-science","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recEjVbYXNLRGJsIs","target":"rec23LMFZFUSBVxqg","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-02-19"},{"source":"recEk3y7wkYXuUqrJ","target":"hi-route-life-state-modeling","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recEk3y7wkYXuUqrJ","target":"recjezj55MjwSRzeX","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recEpeXdWTBIYRrIm","target":"reccnHJ7Vm5l7jU7E","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recEqYd3vLSP59EWw","target":"rect9eFKa12KdHanQ","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-29"},{"source":"recF54bUzjr3RoAAe","target":"recISgdcsQIzmEwpQ","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recF54bUzjr3RoAAe","target":"recR8oAP8jxXAakHx","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-16"},{"source":"recF54bUzjr3RoAAe","target":"recosSdrR13rnqMC7","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Sequence-specific cleavage presupposes knowing DNA is a cuttable sequence-bearing helix","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-16"},{"source":"recF54bUzjr3RoAAe","target":"recw3GSFodwfCXahw","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recF5nARAtSymjLlU","target":"recwM1Rsa8tIDaF2Y","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Ferraris and Tesla's induction motor was the first machine to harness polyphase currents, proving a rotating magnetic field from out-of-phase AC could do real work. That proof pushed power systems toward multiple phases, carried most directly by Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, whose 1889 three-phase motor led into the first practical three-phase system at Lauffen–Frankfurt in 1891","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-07-22"},{"source":"recF6QHDu6wn1NPC8","target":"recNzUot05QrojDLO","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recF6QHDu6wn1NPC8","target":"recnFS1CzdEuQp9P6","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recFVh9QpKp4whFy4","target":"rec9RUL8oeIoUv7M1","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recFcVstUbH07XsjU","target":"recF6QHDu6wn1NPC8","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recFcVstUbH07XsjU","target":"recgA657PDRag86TT","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recFfzuEzzNA0JhnZ","target":"rec4gPHjIp2qAOgBZ","type":"Component","details":"Phenol (carbolic acid) was the main antiseptic used by Joseph Lister","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-20"},{"source":"recG3picaruBs4JBr","target":"recKItfXl2xCDbTgI","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recGBJ3l0p3xdgztW","target":"hi-route-body-function-substitution","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recGVZMEzSR5AtIGS","target":"reclvw71dbykBFlBn","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-07-04"},{"source":"recGitia1RCUEqRfs","target":"recvvlPekZIYbZxUb","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recHUn0tA2UPQsoo6","target":"recPuQxzDIVGRUKeQ","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recHVAMPBYTYT5iEO","target":"recB16HaDQlJSFR7z","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-02-14"},{"source":"recHoTPI6q0DaDrFh","target":"recRPwGoJO17yOfat","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recHqs2hTy1WYa8FH","target":"recR2SkcTnhLrci16","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recHvjOzpvy0LlGyz","target":"recDwd0f7MBHQB3OS","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-27"},{"source":"recHvjOzpvy0LlGyz","target":"recav1Xd9OvTntXl3","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recHvjOzpvy0LlGyz","target":"recdvUcxi2EKvzQOi","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recHvjOzpvy0LlGyz","target":"recq4rjL1HeVLsFq5","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recINhZ7hUlyzPGZ5","target":"recGYNt0yEEdIt7kn","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recIOVy1gEwTdj914","target":"reczM7QPDhoHmfAdT","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-07-15"},{"source":"recISgdcsQIzmEwpQ","target":"reci4hfAlsEH63cBc","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recISgdcsQIzmEwpQ","target":"recw3GSFodwfCXahw","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recIW5GTXDPftXk4p","target":"recGBJ3l0p3xdgztW","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-27"},{"source":"recJFA0cvUkBap8RZ","target":"recVcsLgBjF2bScP1","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-03-02"},{"source":"recJFA0cvUkBap8RZ","target":"reck7XWmUgbEuIw6M","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-04-15"},{"source":"recKItfXl2xCDbTgI","target":"reci8RJPgsJlaeqqq","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recKSDjXGqYyWLWL8","target":"recKrJ7K87jx1EUMN","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Faraday's induction ring was an iron core wound with two coils, built directly on Sturgeon's electromagnet construction","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-12"},{"source":"recKSDjXGqYyWLWL8","target":"recMipLQvBUAnrdem","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-03-02"},{"source":"recKSDjXGqYyWLWL8","target":"recjYUIf5PXzcXbLX","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recKSDjXGqYyWLWL8","target":"recr6QE4GDCIjDjTb","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-12"},{"source":"recKmKh3TSUrWBX0J","target":"recmiLGYAqQHRVgma","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-03-01"},{"source":"recKrJ7K87jx1EUMN","target":"recmCZIvxcrySW4Eg","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recKrJ7K87jx1EUMN","target":"recr6QE4GDCIjDjTb","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Callan was influenced by both Sturgeon and Faraday to work on an induction coil. Page seemed to be unaware of Faraday's work but built on Sturgeon's electromagnet","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-12"},{"source":"recL5EOuREJNI7vDA","target":"rec2z2KgDNHw786x9","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-07-09"},{"source":"recL5EOuREJNI7vDA","target":"recOej41vFC8yEy2F","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-04-15"},{"source":"recLJqr0FBV1J6qDM","target":"recvvlPekZIYbZxUb","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recLO0ZdbhfsBjaVe","target":"recF54bUzjr3RoAAe","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recLO0ZdbhfsBjaVe","target":"recjT6V52jtFQk8qT","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-03-08"},{"source":"recLbe5SB3DqTwSi9","target":"recjQ6Wim82YAkZV1","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-22"},{"source":"recLcBLQ5vxJEX04p","target":"hi-route-future-waiting","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recLobyjntUeJ3UIk","target":"rechy0rK0YRKsurEd","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recLobyjntUeJ3UIk","target":"recp8WxtRGU6xTEsX","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recMClvTgVyIdv9h1","target":"recKItfXl2xCDbTgI","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recMH6EjaeR2x2wkJ","target":"recuQBFrKdAXwLvhj","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-09-18"},{"source":"recMHHiWGRGYndedx","target":"recMClvTgVyIdv9h1","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recMUS5931B8tZlH7","target":"recNmUfOUyNSQ47QJ","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recMYpuDSoWtbzuQC","target":"recjT6V52jtFQk8qT","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-03-07"},{"source":"recMYpuDSoWtbzuQC","target":"recw3GSFodwfCXahw","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The sequencing of insulin by Sanger \"was crucial to the later sequence hypothesis of Francis Crick for developing ideas of how DNA codes for proteins.\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recMipLQvBUAnrdem","target":"recVcsLgBjF2bScP1","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-03-02"},{"source":"recMvCmmVxEKOVGsm","target":"rec6gUFnpza5pD7YM","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recMvCmmVxEKOVGsm","target":"recjT6V52jtFQk8qT","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-03-05"},{"source":"recMvaiQ08aaDXtn4","target":"recU6lS5fawdtcRYU","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recN7zNuwb6LhfQPm","target":"hi-route-future-waiting","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recNV6bF1x4qSfCtL","target":"rec8wVY1kmGTKeATj","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recNV6bF1x4qSfCtL","target":"recEk3y7wkYXuUqrJ","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recNmUfOUyNSQ47QJ","target":"rec6gUFnpza5pD7YM","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recNpu4DmrZm6Rpcu","target":"recThf10ecN1LpUGT","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recNzUot05QrojDLO","target":"reciSYyqkMCiuO1l2","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"the wave nature of electrons was not fully realized until the PhD thesis of Louis de Broglie in 1924. Knoll's research group was unaware of this publication until 1932, when they realized that the de Broglie wavelength of electrons was many orders of magnitude smaller than that for light, theoretically allowing for imaging at atomic scales.","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy#History","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recO0NqIl6gI2dEXG","target":"recgsKilLHCuhNvc2","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recOAQRYM24cKsFDF","target":"recAP2z5I9yb31JB4","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recOBLTuJWjiS7NVP","target":"hi-route-external-continuity","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recORlweoiyBQ7zyS","target":"recAyNVEIrjdhpke4","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"In 1940, Russell Ohl discovered the p–n junction and photovoltaic effects in silicon.\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon#Silicon_semiconductors","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recORlweoiyBQ7zyS","target":"recCr4g543IaqeEM8","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recOej41vFC8yEy2F","target":"recOAQRYM24cKsFDF","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-04-15"},{"source":"recQPjGwZJkEmWh1i","target":"recHqs2hTy1WYa8FH","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recQaFSPtLI9KQVJy","target":"reccVM6p6vKRjX9u8","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-06-07"},{"source":"recR2SkcTnhLrci16","target":"hi-route-brain-continuity-engineering","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recR8oAP8jxXAakHx","target":"reckl8hBNGHujmM96","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"In 1970 Hamilton Smiths lab discovered restriction enzymes, enabling scientists to isolate genes from an organism's genome. DNA ligases, which join broken DNA together, were discovered earlier in 1967. By combining the two enzymes it became possible to \"cut and paste\" DNA sequences to create recombinant DNA.\"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recRPwGoJO17yOfat","target":"recOAQRYM24cKsFDF","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recRPwGoJO17yOfat","target":"recOej41vFC8yEy2F","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-04-15"},{"source":"recSfn8N7vTSjnViA","target":"recvINj9Uajm95eOp","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recSi2Evrhg6k6vPY","target":"recwffzY8J4lcn19c","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recSpwVF5ZIjkKCxU","target":"recgCwGhBXNQohDGC","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The NEC μPD7220 was made for the APC computer line","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APC_series","dateAdded":"2025-08-21"},{"source":"recSruAvP0VAzoBXX","target":"hi-route-brain-continuity-engineering","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recSs0sMh4bXjBmtK","target":"rec4MMradWEA4SoRf","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recT2TzRpvjY3TcoP","target":"recMvCmmVxEKOVGsm","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-08-11"},{"source":"recT3Ex5kTmQOpa7H","target":"recNpu4DmrZm6Rpcu","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recTVb0qvLeCJSev4","target":"rechM2REdwn1jmBFA","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recTVb0qvLeCJSev4","target":"recmiLGYAqQHRVgma","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recTWm941pYbW8w7h","target":"hi-route-body-function-substitution","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recThf10ecN1LpUGT","target":"recCnBSeVwile3wKv","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The Perceptron was implemented on an IBM 704","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recThf10ecN1LpUGT","target":"recKmKh3TSUrWBX0J","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The first digital image was stored on the Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC), the first stored-program computer in the US","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-02-28"},{"source":"recThf10ecN1LpUGT","target":"recMvaiQ08aaDXtn4","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recThf10ecN1LpUGT","target":"recXrcsxWUfwBuvGs","type":"Prerequisite","details":"FORTRAN was designed for the IBM 701 computer, which is based on the IAS machine, and early stored-program machine (von Neumann architecture)","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recThf10ecN1LpUGT","target":"recdulVDyf6LSXwsV","type":"Improvement","details":"to revisit?","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recThf10ecN1LpUGT","target":"reck0ed5DJTkfMvN6","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recThf10ecN1LpUGT","target":"recq9jHAmpwbCfB5i","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-01"},{"source":"recTn5WCRbrhldsPV","target":"rec4gPHjIp2qAOgBZ","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Lister was specifically influenced by Pasteur","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-19"},{"source":"recTvHEx5OfVQANKd","target":"recOej41vFC8yEy2F","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-04-15"},{"source":"recU4VjqcBUWh6Bx9","target":"recMClvTgVyIdv9h1","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recU4VjqcBUWh6Bx9","target":"recYKII5WaLsrv8Tf","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recU4VjqcBUWh6Bx9","target":"recsrziAxsCQh170z","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recU4VjqcBUWh6Bx9","target":"recxt4IS6lgVIf856","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recU6lS5fawdtcRYU","target":"recSi2Evrhg6k6vPY","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recU6lS5fawdtcRYU","target":"recZzRAtLx9u0yYNh","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recVcsLgBjF2bScP1","target":"recIW5GTXDPftXk4p","type":"Component","details":"\"The original Unimate consisted of a large computer-like box, joined to another box and was connected to an arm, with systematic tasks stored in a drum memory.\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimate","dateAdded":"2026-04-20"},{"source":"recVhJ0wyyQqfovYJ","target":"reck7XWmUgbEuIw6M","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The first numerical control was implemented on a modified Cincinnati Hydrotel milling machine","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-04-14"},{"source":"recWFyS1WHyJqX0A2","target":"recxt4IS6lgVIf856","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recWfmEztdAkcKaI2","target":"recOBLTuJWjiS7NVP","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recXrcsxWUfwBuvGs","target":"recSs0sMh4bXjBmtK","type":"Prerequisite","details":"ELIZA was originally programmed in SLIP, an extension to the Fortran language.","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLIP_(programming_language)","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recXuqPYcOgUvAhFD","target":"recOAQRYM24cKsFDF","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-04-15"},{"source":"recYKII5WaLsrv8Tf","target":"recFVh9QpKp4whFy4","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Work on the \"harmonic telegraph\", i.e. a multiplexed telegraph that can transmit multiple messages at once, directly led to the telephone","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recYT5lF4B6yt3NfQ","target":"hi-route-body-function-substitution","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recYi5GfhL5G386cR","target":"recIW5GTXDPftXk4p","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-04-21"},{"source":"recYmUFgPcOT1c3ez","target":"recWfmEztdAkcKaI2","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recZ22SycWsvtKM4M","target":"recsx3hiNL0XW7N0Q","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-30"},{"source":"recZDLvMtvrjSxRbR","target":"hi-route-future-waiting","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recZDLvMtvrjSxRbR","target":"recdCNoPojWeKGo5V","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-08-30"},{"source":"recZDLvMtvrjSxRbR","target":"recsuiMSZF6D1d814","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recZzRAtLx9u0yYNh","target":"recDpaZSt6Mw0Tyzx","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recZzRAtLx9u0yYNh","target":"recwffzY8J4lcn19c","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recaAEA9SDgPXig78","target":"recu0UqJPNtIszmwQ","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recaoRGpzJXbeRFnF","target":"recMHHiWGRGYndedx","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recaoRGpzJXbeRFnF","target":"recU4VjqcBUWh6Bx9","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recaoRGpzJXbeRFnF","target":"recvEzWBOU5g7labA","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"American scientist Joseph Henry is often cited to have invented a relay in 1835 in order to improve his version of the electrical telegraph, developed earlier in 1831.\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay#History","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recav1Xd9OvTntXl3","target":"recCr4g543IaqeEM8","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recav1Xd9OvTntXl3","target":"recz9I69H4PZQU5Ir","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recbAQuzW4zmyICcV","target":"rec8eIeIqUPVg9VAr","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-06-07"},{"source":"reccVM6p6vKRjX9u8","target":"recPuQxzDIVGRUKeQ","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recchJfFTm2TvMkC3","target":"hi-route-future-waiting","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"reccnHJ7Vm5l7jU7E","target":"recxt4IS6lgVIf856","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"reccnab5E5zQTHfzs","target":"rec3qkqAOpecHd0e5","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-07"},{"source":"reccnab5E5zQTHfzs","target":"rec7DhJcodhd1o0WH","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-05"},{"source":"recctKjWq10iZ8Rae","target":"recU4VjqcBUWh6Bx9","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recd3sBMNsdW8qJ7C","target":"hi-hist-deep-brain-stimulation-1987","type":"Component","details":"Neurostimulator development reused cardiac-pacemaker power sources, circuit boards and protective casing.","detailsSource":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3785222/"},{"source":"recd3sBMNsdW8qJ7C","target":"reccVM6p6vKRjX9u8","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recd6eUBL030IxBMq","target":"recGnj5KKOUh3rSDK","type":"Component","details":"Kolff selected cellophane sausage casing as the rotating drum's semi-permeable membrane, following Thalhimer's 1937 demonstration that cellophane outperformed earlier dialysis membranes like collodion and goldbeater's skin.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-27"},{"source":"recdCNoPojWeKGo5V","target":"recRPwGoJO17yOfat","type":"Prerequisite","details":"necessary to manufacture sufficient quantities of liquid oxygen","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recdhUxmMDReVpg9L","target":"recTWm941pYbW8w7h","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recdulVDyf6LSXwsV","target":"recEqYd3vLSP59EWw","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-30"},{"source":"recdutuNDTuwD75u4","target":"recF54bUzjr3RoAAe","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-06-10"},{"source":"recdutuNDTuwD75u4","target":"recw3GSFodwfCXahw","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recdvUcxi2EKvzQOi","target":"recThf10ecN1LpUGT","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rece6Cdg2uv6QT0AD","target":"hi-route-biological-repair","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"rece9AsL4EU6mmlQE","target":"hi-route-external-continuity","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"receYijGe8izSc2xa","target":"rec3SDMzaXv7IR1ZR","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recfuhpJ24vQc1iXk","target":"rece9AsL4EU6mmlQE","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-01-29"},{"source":"recg29k8rHnubEnEF","target":"recjT6V52jtFQk8qT","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-03-08"},{"source":"recgA657PDRag86TT","target":"rec72IW15GmzwuvEL","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recgA657PDRag86TT","target":"recNpu4DmrZm6Rpcu","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recgCwGhBXNQohDGC","target":"recnfUh1TP8vwjEIo","type":"Improvement","details":"Complex history, but the NEC μPD7220 and the GeForce 256 are arguably the two biggest milestones in the history of GPUs. Video display controllers are a component of GPUs","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-08-21"},{"source":"recgsKilLHCuhNvc2","target":"recDwd0f7MBHQB3OS","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-27"},{"source":"rech08LxzgqRPdQCb","target":"rec4BlLTtZ1ii4dha","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-08-20"},{"source":"rechBqnRi9AMojstj","target":"recMClvTgVyIdv9h1","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rechBqnRi9AMojstj","target":"reci6cLrhHjD19FN7","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-02-19"},{"source":"rechM2REdwn1jmBFA","target":"recmiLGYAqQHRVgma","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rechy0rK0YRKsurEd","target":"recYmUFgPcOT1c3ez","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rechzIy5pfCkJ8CL0","target":"recBSibYje1aw9C5P","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-26"},{"source":"reci4hfAlsEH63cBc","target":"rec5WSiuAN5Ooypox","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"reci4hfAlsEH63cBc","target":"rec9UekcXOpIX7Z2M","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"reci4hfAlsEH63cBc","target":"recK1ujrokYQMZO4T","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-02-21"},{"source":"reci4hfAlsEH63cBc","target":"recg29k8rHnubEnEF","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-03-08"},{"source":"reci6cLrhHjD19FN7","target":"recMClvTgVyIdv9h1","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"reci7Zcbph5SUxMAC","target":"reccVM6p6vKRjX9u8","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"reci8RJPgsJlaeqqq","target":"recHvjOzpvy0LlGyz","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"reci8RJPgsJlaeqqq","target":"recTvHEx5OfVQANKd","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"reciSYyqkMCiuO1l2","target":"hi-hist-complete-nervous-system-connectome-1986","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The complete wiring reconstruction was deduced from serial-section electron micrographs.","detailsSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22462104/"},{"source":"reciSoXN7pn2HJsU2","target":"recIW5GTXDPftXk4p","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-04-20"},{"source":"reciSoXN7pn2HJsU2","target":"recOAQRYM24cKsFDF","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-04-15"},{"source":"reciSoXN7pn2HJsU2","target":"reck7XWmUgbEuIw6M","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-04-14"},{"source":"reciyEX55EF9PS79U","target":"recKrJ7K87jx1EUMN","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Faraday detected the induced transient with a galvanometer","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-12"},{"source":"reciyEX55EF9PS79U","target":"reci6cLrhHjD19FN7","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-02-19"},{"source":"reciyEX55EF9PS79U","target":"rectXUusNYxNQl6Wg","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recjHykimCur8XNts","target":"rec4heudR4rZuIZES","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-26"},{"source":"recjHykimCur8XNts","target":"recTn5WCRbrhldsPV","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-19"},{"source":"recjQ6Wim82YAkZV1","target":"rec8krKEJBvagKopd","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-22"},{"source":"recjT6V52jtFQk8qT","target":"hi-route-automated-science","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recjT6V52jtFQk8qT","target":"hi-route-biological-repair","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recjVQ1u7nL6A1Ppq","target":"recL5EOuREJNI7vDA","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-07-12"},{"source":"recjVUn7dFdy92hQD","target":"hi-route-future-waiting","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recjYUIf5PXzcXbLX","target":"recsuW9YJ4WMN3sDJ","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recjezj55MjwSRzeX","target":"hi-route-brain-continuity-engineering","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recjpiTG3LLLzMq9a","target":"recbAQuzW4zmyICcV","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-06-07"},{"source":"reck0ed5DJTkfMvN6","target":"rectfWaDaHGTZUUjR","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"reck7XWmUgbEuIw6M","target":"recIW5GTXDPftXk4p","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The first industrial robots were programmable servo-controlled manipulators; NC supplied the digital/servo machine-motion-control technology that the robot pioneers built on","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-09"},{"source":"reckQdpc1lyzej0bi","target":"recMvCmmVxEKOVGsm","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"reckQdpc1lyzej0bi","target":"recNmUfOUyNSQ47QJ","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"reckQdpc1lyzej0bi","target":"recaAEA9SDgPXig78","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"reckQdpc1lyzej0bi","target":"recu0UqJPNtIszmwQ","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"reckl8hBNGHujmM96","target":"rec7KB8wV67VExEzb","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"reckl8hBNGHujmM96","target":"recdhUxmMDReVpg9L","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"reckqo7SclRvuYbZ6","target":"recKSDjXGqYyWLWL8","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-12"},{"source":"reckqo7SclRvuYbZ6","target":"reciyEX55EF9PS79U","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Ørsted demonstrated the effect in April 1820 and his Latin pamphlet circulated in July 1820. Schweigger announced his \"multiplier\" at the University of Halle on September 16, 1820, explicitly as an enhancement of Ørsted's effect, multiplying the needle deflection by winding the wire into many turns around the needle","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-12"},{"source":"recl96pIFr95S84QV","target":"recMYpuDSoWtbzuQC","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-03-09"},{"source":"reclMmWXXgP9aQKyW","target":"reclz65jvAQGORFZj","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"reclsbxa68PJkaskP","target":"reci7Zcbph5SUxMAC","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"reclvw71dbykBFlBn","target":"recRPwGoJO17yOfat","type":"Component","details":"The liquid fuel in Goddard's first rocket was a mix of liquid oxygen and gasoline","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-07-04"},{"source":"reclz65jvAQGORFZj","target":"recxq5zk7X1MzvUfW","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recmCZIvxcrySW4Eg","target":"rec6OYA3zx7AYg2HU","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recmCZIvxcrySW4Eg","target":"recu8dlaHiuq6wrbS","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Pixii's dynamo was the first device to produce alternating current","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recmJCoIirn1xtvaB","target":"recMvCmmVxEKOVGsm","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recmQ2Kbv8ONACsdc","target":"recAVYieLhW2YMv54","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recmRjT2JAQnXYnWM","target":"rec2z2KgDNHw786x9","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-04-15"},{"source":"recmiLGYAqQHRVgma","target":"hi-route-life-state-modeling","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recn3TpfmguYhaguZ","target":"rec7DhJcodhd1o0WH","type":"Component","details":"Karol Pollak \"found out that the oxide layer on an aluminium anode remained stable in a neutral or alkaline electrolyte, even when the power was switched off.\" Aluminium capacitors were the only type of capacitor until tantalum and niobium capacitors.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-05"},{"source":"recn8WaRK6SLFp1Mi","target":"recA7y5s0cH8JmFin","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-15"},{"source":"recn8WaRK6SLFp1Mi","target":"recsuiMSZF6D1d814","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-15"},{"source":"recnFS1CzdEuQp9P6","target":"recCr4g543IaqeEM8","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recnfUh1TP8vwjEIo","target":"recT2TzRpvjY3TcoP","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-08-11"},{"source":"reco0kiJ6jp4SCmOA","target":"recq9jHAmpwbCfB5i","type":"Prerequisite","details":"EC2 launched as on-demand virtual machines on the Xen hypervisor","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-01"},{"source":"recoAznQxFDeFhos2","target":"hi-route-life-state-modeling","type":"Speculative","details":null,"detailsSource":null},{"source":"recoOo4Q49WFBJ2Qb","target":"recMYpuDSoWtbzuQC","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recoOo4Q49WFBJ2Qb","target":"recdhUxmMDReVpg9L","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recoOo4Q49WFBJ2Qb","target":"recuFY1IAbywZkd53","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recosSdrR13rnqMC7","target":"reckl8hBNGHujmM96","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"In 1970 Hamilton Smiths lab discovered restriction enzymes, enabling scientists to isolate genes from an organism's genome. DNA ligases, which join broken DNA together, were discovered earlier in 1967. By combining the two enzymes it became possible to \"cut and paste\" DNA sequences to create recombinant DNA.\"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recp0tqUSxjktsEZd","target":"recHoTPI6q0DaDrFh","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recp8WxtRGU6xTEsX","target":"recYmUFgPcOT1c3ez","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recp8WxtRGU6xTEsX","target":"recr22Ei4lW5VrOqy","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recp8WxtRGU6xTEsX","target":"rect8Qd9j3Adwya0n","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-06-07"},{"source":"recpZueTt09KQ48cD","target":"rec72IW15GmzwuvEL","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recq4rjL1HeVLsFq5","target":"recThf10ecN1LpUGT","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recq7yT70SB8GkpSO","target":"hi-hist-car-t-cell-therapy-2011","type":"Component","details":"The clinical intervention uses genetically modified autologous T cells to express a chimeric antigen receptor.","detailsSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21830940/"},{"source":"recq9jHAmpwbCfB5i","target":"rec6gUFnpza5pD7YM","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-02-19"},{"source":"recqekMB7dHZZKiYd","target":"recnfUh1TP8vwjEIo","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The GeForce 256 \"was manufactured by TSMC using its 220 nm CMOS process.\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce_256","dateAdded":"2025-08-21"},{"source":"recqpbpOi6kSME19s","target":"rec23LMFZFUSBVxqg","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-02-19"},{"source":"recqyp3ICwDWMmqhm","target":"recIOVy1gEwTdj914","type":"Component","details":"Desormeaux's endoscope used a silvered concave mirror to redirect external lamp light into the body cavity through the tube","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-07-15"},{"source":"recr22Ei4lW5VrOqy","target":"rec0sZecCFCEtEpVT","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recr6QE4GDCIjDjTb","target":"rec7Hx6p5gLcFrz6x","type":"Improvement","details":"ZBD improved the Gaulard-Gibbs 'secondary generator' (1882), itself an open-core induction coil repurposed for AC distribution","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-12"},{"source":"recr6QE4GDCIjDjTb","target":"recEN6Zu49wOSBVPe","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recr6QE4GDCIjDjTb","target":"rechBqnRi9AMojstj","type":"Component","details":"Hertz's transmitter was a Ruhmkorff coil driving the spark gap","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-12"},{"source":"recr6QE4GDCIjDjTb","target":"reci6cLrhHjD19FN7","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-02-19"},{"source":"recr6QE4GDCIjDjTb","target":"recv9LoyFEQs6BeFb","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recr7R4HqnfrRMQoo","target":"recd6eUBL030IxBMq","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recrjzUEOH1OK0tGi","target":"recoAznQxFDeFhos2","type":"Prerequisite","details":"'Donald was an obstetrician with a self-confessed \"childish interest in machines, electronic and otherwise\", who, having treated the wife of one of the company's directors, was invited to visit the Research Department of boilermakers Babcock & Wilcox at Renfrew. He adapted their industrial ultrasound equipment to conduct experiments on various anatomical specimens and assess their ultrasonic characteristics. Together with the medical physicist Tom Brown. and fellow obstetrician John MacVicar, Donald refined the equipment to enable differentiation of pathology in live volunteer patients.'","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-02-12"},{"source":"recs6ipaGB1uqP9Lw","target":"recsrziAxsCQh170z","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recsPFzAs5UfJ3OEw","target":"recThf10ecN1LpUGT","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recsrziAxsCQh170z","target":"rectXUusNYxNQl6Wg","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recsuW9YJ4WMN3sDJ","target":"rec6OYA3zx7AYg2HU","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recsuW9YJ4WMN3sDJ","target":"recGnj5KKOUh3rSDK","type":"Component","details":"For the rotating drum","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-27"},{"source":"recsuW9YJ4WMN3sDJ","target":"rechzIy5pfCkJ8CL0","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-26"},{"source":"recsuiMSZF6D1d814","target":"recdCNoPojWeKGo5V","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Linde's commercial ammonia refrigeration business (founded 1879 on his 1876 cycle) gave him both the engineering know-how (counter-current heat exchange) and the resources to pursue low-temperature research; an 1892 Guinness brewery order for a CO₂ liquefaction plant drove him into low-temperature work, leading to his 1895 air liquefaction apparatus, which combined Joule-Thomson expansion with the regenerative heat exchange he had developed for refrigeration.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-15"},{"source":"recsvA5Dib8f965VK","target":"reclz65jvAQGORFZj","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recsvA5Dib8f965VK","target":"rectfWaDaHGTZUUjR","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recsx3hiNL0XW7N0Q","target":"recP9D28mzRjQEvnY","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-30"},{"source":"rect26v3zE9INVjkN","target":"recsvA5Dib8f965VK","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rect8Qd9j3Adwya0n","target":"recN7zNuwb6LhfQPm","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-06-07"},{"source":"rect9eFKa12KdHanQ","target":"recsx3hiNL0XW7N0Q","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-30"},{"source":"rectXUusNYxNQl6Wg","target":"recO0NqIl6gI2dEXG","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rectfWaDaHGTZUUjR","target":"recmiLGYAqQHRVgma","type":"Prerequisite","details":"CT requires considerable computing power, so it required advances in computer technology","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"rectfWaDaHGTZUUjR","target":"recxq5zk7X1MzvUfW","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recu0UqJPNtIszmwQ","target":"recmJCoIirn1xtvaB","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recu8dlaHiuq6wrbS","target":"rec7Hx6p5gLcFrz6x","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recu8dlaHiuq6wrbS","target":"recD0QvfnfgmV2n1Y","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"The earliest recorded practical application of alternating current is by Guillaume Duchenne, inventor and developer of electrotherapy. In 1855, he announced that AC was superior to direct current for electrotherapeutic triggering of muscle contractions.\"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recu8dlaHiuq6wrbS","target":"recF5nARAtSymjLlU","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recuFY1IAbywZkd53","target":"recTWm941pYbW8w7h","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recuQBFrKdAXwLvhj","target":"rec7621zEZaK34VNk","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-09-22"},{"source":"recv9LoyFEQs6BeFb","target":"recGVZMEzSR5AtIGS","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recvEzWBOU5g7labA","target":"recU4VjqcBUWh6Bx9","type":"Component","details":"Henry's \"work on the electromagnetic relay was the basis of the practical electrical telegraph, invented separately by Samuel F. B. Morse and Sir Charles Wheatstone.\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henry","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recvHf3k2yj2KH2eG","target":"recWfmEztdAkcKaI2","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recvINj9Uajm95eOp","target":"recADXUknLo3AiZeM","type":"Component","details":"NESCO's Tyneside network linked several coal-fired, steam-driven stations into one shared supply so they could run in parallel and back each other up across the region. The central power station is the building block the grid connects into a network.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-07-22"},{"source":"recvvlPekZIYbZxUb","target":"recKItfXl2xCDbTgI","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recvvlPekZIYbZxUb","target":"reczM7QPDhoHmfAdT","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-07-15"},{"source":"recw3GSFodwfCXahw","target":"rec2LtJuVrCfwylwK","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-06-10"},{"source":"recwM1Rsa8tIDaF2Y","target":"recADXUknLo3AiZeM","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The integrated network was a three-phase system — Neptune Bank was Britain's first three-phase station — and polyphase is what let power move efficiently at high voltage while keeping the separate stations running in step as one synchronized network","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-07-22"},{"source":"recwffzY8J4lcn19c","target":"recq9jHAmpwbCfB5i","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-31"},{"source":"recwqzZipT5j9Nzth","target":"recsvA5Dib8f965VK","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recx7ES7uBd8ItZdi","target":"recQPjGwZJkEmWh1i","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-23"},{"source":"recx7H5OTOskrGvd7","target":"recA7y5s0cH8JmFin","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"Cailletet succeeded in producing droplets of liquid oxygen in 1877 by a different method than Raoul Pictet: He used the Joule-Thomson effect; oxygen was cooled while highly compressed, then allowed to rapidly expand, cooling it further, resulting in the production of small droplets of liquid oxygen.\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Paul_Cailletet","dateAdded":"2025-08-02"},{"source":"recx7H5OTOskrGvd7","target":"recdCNoPojWeKGo5V","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recxT7YzqMyhTj131","target":"recd3sBMNsdW8qJ7C","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recxq5zk7X1MzvUfW","target":"recSpwVF5ZIjkKCxU","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recxt4IS6lgVIf856","target":"recB7JkBFgSotO12a","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-03-01"},{"source":"recxt4IS6lgVIf856","target":"recKmKh3TSUrWBX0J","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The first digital image was scanned using a drum scanner, as used in earlier wirephoto systems","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-02-28"},{"source":"recz9I69H4PZQU5Ir","target":"recd3sBMNsdW8qJ7C","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recz9I69H4PZQU5Ir","target":"reck0ed5DJTkfMvN6","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"recz9I69H4PZQU5Ir","target":"reclMmWXXgP9aQKyW","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""},{"source":"reczFPrWixE18htmo","target":"recQaFSPtLI9KQVJy","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-06-07"},{"source":"reczM7QPDhoHmfAdT","target":"recGBJ3l0p3xdgztW","type":"Component","details":"The da Vinci and subsequent surgical robots are teleoperated laparoscopic platforms","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-07-15"},{"source":"reczV2wmjVh5pnQMA","target":"rechzIy5pfCkJ8CL0","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-26"},{"source":"reczhVsXnH5ie6kfQ","target":"recav1Xd9OvTntXl3","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":""}]}
